Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide device architectures for batteries. In various embodiments, these may be primary or secondary batteries. In various embodiments these devices may be useful for energy storage. Various embodiments may provide a battery including an Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) electrode, an Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) electrode, a metal electrode; and an electrolyte separating the ORR electrode and the OER electrode from the metal electrode.

Abstract: The present application discloses compositions for thin film dye-sensitized solar cells in which nanoparticles of semiconductor material are tethered together in a nanonodular network using a multi-functional linking compound.

Abstract: A method of making a metal oxide based component for use in a solar cell, without sintering the metal oxide. The method includes flocculating a metal oxide solution that is used to produce the non-sintered metal oxide component. A composition for use in making a non-sintered solar cell component. The composition includes a metal oxide solution and a flocculant for flocculating particles of the metal oxide solution. A solar cell having an anode and interfacing the anode is a semiconductor that includes a metal oxide that is produced by a method that does not require sintering of the metal oxide. The method comprises flocculating a solution of the metal oxide. The solar cell further includes a cathode and an electrolyte in electrical communication with the semiconductor and the cathode.