Abstract: A method for assuring safety during firing exercises with live ammunition by mobile skirmish participants (11, 11?) practicing under combat conditions in an enclosed practice range (10) that is monitored from a monitoring center (14), to protect all participants (11, 11?) from being shot by firing participants (11). The instantaneous positions of the participants (11, 11?) are continuously determined, and transmitted to a monitoring center (14) wherein the transmitted positions and movement regions derived therefrom for all participants (11, 11?), and the positions of stationary objects (13) that are present, are used to calculate current, authorized firing sectors (38) for the firing participants (11) and are individually transmitted to the firing participants (11). For each firing participant (11), the instantaneous weapon setting (39) is compared to the assigned firing sectors (38), and firing authorization is only given if the instantaneous weapon setting (39) lies within these firing sectors (38).

Abstract: A method for assuring safety during firing exercises with live ammunition by mobile skirmish participants (11, 11′) practicing under combat conditions in an enclosed practice range (10) that is monitored from a monitoring center (14), to protect all participants (11, 11′) from being shot by firing participants (11). The instantaneous positions of the participants (11, 11′) are continuously determined, and transmitted to a monitoring center (14) wherein the transmitted positions and movement regions derived therefrom for all participants (11, 11′), and the positions of stationary objects (13) that are present, are used to calculate current, authorized firing sectors (38) for the firing participants (11) and are individually transmitted to the firing participants (11).

Abstract: In a method for de-icing aircraft surfaces by means of a plurality of electrical resistance heaters which are sequentially supplied with heating current, the delivery of current to each heater being effectuated during a succession of cycles each constituted by a heating period during which heating current is supplied to the heater and a nonheating period during which no current is supplied to the heater, thereby controlling the average current supplied to the heater, the range of ice accumulation rates to which the de-icing process can adjust is enlarged by controlling the duration of the heating periods in dependence on the temperature at the resistance heaters and by controlling the duration of the nonheating periods in dependence on the water content of the atmosphere surrounding the aircraft.