Abstract: A sensor for use at substrate level in a high numerical aperture lithographic apparatus, the sensor having a transparent plate that covers a sensing element and includes elements that improve coupling of radiation into the sensing element. The improved coupling elements include a flowing liquid medium disposed between the transparent plate and the sensing element.

Abstract: A sensor for use at substrate level in a high numerical aperture lithographic apparatus, the sensor having a transparent plate that covers a sensing element and includes elements that improve coupling of radiation into the sensing element. The improved coupling elements include a flowing liquid medium disposed between the transparent plate and the sensing element.

Abstract: A method is described for the development of a surface having imagewise tacky and nontacky areas comprising arranging toner particles in the form of an elongated mound on a section of said surface and then distributing said toner particles over said surface by pushing the elongated mound across the surface with at least one pad with at least a portion of the mound beneath the leading edge of the pad, whereby the distributed toner particles become imagewise adhered to said surface.A toner applicator comprising a housing for containment of toner, at least one free-moving weight within said housing for breaking up toner aggregates and agitating the toner, means to release toner from the housing, and at least two hinged pads mounted on the housing, is particularly adapted to carry out the method of development.

Abstract: A toner applicator comprising a housing for containment of toner, at least one free-moving weight within said housing for breaking up toner aggregates and agitating the toner, separable pad members forming a bottom wall of the housing and releasing said toner upon separation thereof, and said members being hingedly mounted whereby to adapt to distributing a mound of said released toner across an image area to be developed of a surface having imagewise tacky and nontacky areas.

Abstract: An electrostatic charge pattern is developed into a visual image with the aid of a current-sensitive recording element that is disposed against one face of an array of a plurality of field-effect devices. The charge pattern, on an electrically insulating film, is disposed against an opposite face of the array. An electrical circuit, connected to source and drain regions of the field-effect devices, causes current to flow in each of the devices in accordance with the intensity of each elemental portion of the charge pattern adjacent a respective channel region in each of the devices. The electrical current causes a color change in the recording element in accordance with the intensity of the current flowing therethrough.

Abstract: Sheet material carrying ink, lacquer, adhesive or some other substance requiring to be dried, is advanced in a path in which its major surfaces are exposed. A drying arrangement, including a source of UV radiation and of incidental IR radiation, is located adjacent this path and directs the UV radiation against the substance to be dried, so as to effect such drying. A cooling arrangement is provided which at least partially surrounds the source of UV radiation in order to counteract the heat of the incidental IR radiation and prevent damage to the sheet material and/or the equipment.

Abstract: An original electrostatic charge pattern on an electrically insulating image-bearing surface is reproduced, on an electrically insulating film, in an intensified form by the steps of:A. placing one surface of the film in contact with the original charge pattern on the image-bearing surface,B. wiping, with a grounded wetted sponge, the other surface of the film to induce thereon a monopolar charge pattern of opposite polarity to that of the original charge pattern,C. separating the film from the image-bearing surface and wiping, with a grounded wetted sponge, said one surface, whereby to induce a bipolar charge pattern on the film,D. disposing said one surface of the film in contact with the image-bearing surface so that the electrostatic charge patterns of the same polarities contact each other and are in register with each other,E. wiping, with a grounded wetted sponge, said other surface of the film to induce thereon a monopolar electrostatic charge pattern superimposed on the bipolar charge pattern, andF.