Abstract: In a method for braking a four-stroke internal combustion engine having cylinders each having a combustion chamber and at least one outlet valve connected to an outlet system and controlled by an engine camshaft, wherein the outlet system comprises a choke device, the flow of exhaust gas in the outlet system is choked with the choke device such that the exhaust gas upstream of the choke device is subjected to a pressure increase. The outlet valve is opened intermediately with the pressure increase in the exhaust gas such that the exhaust gas flows back into the combustion chamber. The outlet valve is positively maintained in a part-open position with a control device, operating independently of the engine camshaft and incorporated into an outlet valve actuating mechanism, during a subsequent compression stroke of the engine for a period of time ending at the latest when the engine camshaft acts on the outlet valve in order to fully open the outlet valve.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve for air-compressing internal combustion engines comprises a nozzle holder, a nozzle body and a pintle, which is operable by the application of fuel pressure against the force of a closing spring, which is accommodated in a spring chamber of the nozzle holder. The pintle cooperates with a damper, which comprises a fuel-filled damper chamber, which opens into a constricted passage. A separate damper piston is interposed between the pintle and the damper chamber and enters the damper chamber and is non-positively connected to the pintle. To provide an inexpensive and highly effective damper, either the damper chamber is formed in an adapter, which defines that end of the spring chamber of the nozzle holder which is adjacent to the pintle, the adapter contains the damper piston, which is used to transmit force between the closing spring and the pintle.

Abstract: An air-compressing reciprocating piston-equipped internal combustion engine comprises, in a piston head of the piston, a cavity being axially symmetrical about a central cavity axis and constituting a combustion chamber, as well as a fuel injection nozzle for injecting fuel directly into the said cavity. The nozzle has a longitudinal nozzle axis which encloses with the central cavity axis an acute angle. In order to generate a rotary motion of an air charge fed into the said cavity, there is provided a correspondingly designed air-feeding unit.

Abstract: An air-compressing reciprocating piston-equipped internal combustion engine comprises, in the frontal face of a piston head, a rotation-symmetrical cavity as a combustion chamber, a fuel-feeding unit generating a rotary motion of the air charge entering the cavity, and a fuel injection unit. The fuel injection unit is provided with an injection nozzle for injecting fuel directly into the cavity constituting the combustion chamber. In order to achieve a higher degree of efficiency, a decrease of the emission of polluting gases and of noise, as well as a relief of the mechanically highly stressed parts of the engine, the rotary motion of the air charge generated by the fuel-feeding unit is given a swirl number of about 1.5 to 2.5. Furthermore, the diameter (d) of the combustion chamber-constituting cavity is between about 55 to 75% of the diameter (D) of the cylinder, and finally, the fuel injection nozzle has at least four orifices.