Abstract: Provided are a circuit apparatus, a manufacturing method thereof, and a circuit system. The circuit apparatus includes a flexible circuit board, a flexible packaging material layer and an electronic device. The flexible circuit board has at least one hollow pattern, wherein the flexible circuit board has an inner region and a peripheral region surrounding the inner region, and has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other. The flexible packaging material layer is disposed in the at least one hollow pattern. The electronic device is disposed on the first surface of the flexible circuit board and electrically connected with the flexible circuit board.

Abstract: A process for converting a portion of a dielectric fill material into a hard mask includes a nitrogen treatment or nitrogen plasma to convert a portion of the dielectric fill material into a nitrogen-like layer for serving as a hard mask to form an edge area of a device die by an etching process. After forming the edge area, another dielectric fill material is provided in the edge area. In the completed device, a gate cut area can have a gradient of nitrogen concentration at an upper portion of the gate cut dielectric of the gate cut area.

Abstract: Undesired signals from interfering satellites are separated from desired signals from a target satellite by using a sum beam and a difference beam as in a monopulse radar. Both desired and undesired signals are received by an antenna and separated by different mode couplers from a waveguide. The fundamental mode of the waveguide provides the desired signals along with components from the interfering signals. Both desired and undesired signals are picked up from the waveguide through a fundamental mode coupler. The higher order modes of the waveguide provide the interfering signals alone, representing the difference beam which will be aligned along the boresight. In a circular waveguide, the TM.sub.01.sup.o will yield a difference pattern for vertical polarization in any plane, and a TE.sub.21.sup.o or TE.sub.01.sup.o mode will result in a difference pattern for horizontal polarization. A square or a rectangular waveguide could be used instead of a circular waveguide to achieve the same result.