Abstract: An internal combustion engine and a method of reducing hydrocarbon emissions of an internal combustion engine during cold start conditions in disclosed. The engine has at least one cylinder provided with a piston which reciprocates between a top dead-center and a bottom dead-center, at least one intake valve through which intake air is provided, a fuel injector assembly arranged to inject atomised fuel particles directly into the cylinder and means for controlling the opening and closing of the intake valve. According to the invention, intake valve opening is adjusted to occur after top dead center of the piston. When the intake valve opens, a pressure differential exists across the valve. Fuel is injected directly into the cylinder during the time of the pressure differential.

Abstract: A dental appliance formed of a bracket and an arch. The bracket is adapted to be detachably secured to a patient's tooth. The bracket is formed from a material which is substantially inert to water, which has a low coefficient of friction, and which has deformation properties which enable the bracket to absorb and equalize minor displacement of the tooth without adversely affecting the original shape of the arch. The arch cooperates with the bracket when the bracket is detachably secured to the tooth of the patient. The arch includes wire or ribbon, and a relatively thin coating over the wire or ribbon. The coating is substantially tooth-colored and has a low coefficient of friction.