Abstract: An environmental control system (ECS) having contaminants in supply air that flows into an environment includes an outside air contaminant component that senses contaminants in outside air, wherein the outside air contaminant component is upstream of the environment, A recirculated air contaminant component is provided and that senses contaminants in recirculated air supplied by the environment, wherein the recirculated air contaminant component is downstream of the environment. A voltage supply provides a non-linear variable voltage to at least one of the components. A controller is in communication with the components and the voltage supply; wherein, upon a measured resistance, from at least one of the components, that exceeds a threshold, the controller varies at least one of an outside air flow and a recirculated air flow in the ECS.

Abstract: An environmental control system (ECS) having contaminants in supply air that flows into an environment includes an outside air contaminant component that senses contaminants in outside air, wherein the outside air contaminant component is upstream of the environment, A recirculated air contaminant component is provided and that senses contaminants in recirculated air supplied by the environment, wherein the recirculated air contaminant component is downstream of the environment. A voltage supply provides a non-linear variable voltage to at least one of the components. A controller is in communication with the components and the voltage supply; wherein, upon a measured resistance, from at least one of the components, that exceeds a threshold, the controller varies at least one of an outside air flow and a recirculated air flow in the ECS.

Abstract: A subthreshold standard cell library addresses the energy efficiency of electronic systems, thereby significantly reducing power consumption. Recent energy performance requirements are causing the next-generation system manufacturers to explore approaches to lower power consumption. Subthreshold operation has been examined and implemented in designing ultra-low power standard cell designs that operate beyond the normal modes of operation, with the potential for large energy savings. Operation of CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistors in the subthreshold regime, where the supply voltage used in operation is orders of magnitude below the normal operating voltage of typical transistors, has proven to be very beneficial for energy constrained systems as it enables minimum energy consumption in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic particle separation system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic particle separation system may include a particle separator, a sensor module, and a controller configured to receive signals from the sensor module, and operate the particle separator based on the received sensor signals. In some embodiments, the controller may include a processor which may determine whether the particle separator is being operated under an ozone related condition exceeding a threshold operating condition. If one of the threshold operating conditions is exceeded, the particle separator may be turned off which may control the amount of ozone present in the aircraft.

Abstract: A subthreshold standard cell library addresses the energy efficiency of electronic systems, thereby significantly reducing power consumption. Recent energy performance requirements are causing the next-generation system manufacturers to explore approaches to lower power consumption. Subthreshold operation has been examined and implemented in designing ultra-low power standard cell designs that operate beyond the normal modes of operation, with the potential for large energy savings. Operation of CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistors in the subthreshold regime, where the supply voltage used in operation is orders of magnitude below the normal operating voltage of typical transistors, has proven to be very beneficial for energy constrained systems as it enables minimum energy consumption in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

Abstract: A subthreshold standard cell library addresses the energy efficiency of electronic systems, thereby significantly reducing power consumption. Recent energy performance requirements are causing the next-generation system manufacturers to explore approaches to lower power consumption. Subthreshold operation has been examined and implemented in designing ultra low power standard cell designs that operate beyond the normal modes of operation, with the potential for large energy savings. Operation of CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistors in the subthreshold regime, where the supply voltage used in operation is orders of magnitude below the normal operating voltage of typical transistors, has proven to be very beneficial for energy constrained systems as it enables minimum energy consumption in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic air treatment system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic air treatment system may use an electronic charging system and a separation system. A turbine rotor may drive a power generating stage to provide high voltage power to the electronic charging system. The charging stage may charge airflow passing through to repel liquid particles away from the airflow. Liquid droplets may be collected and centrifugally flung toward a periphery of the separation system. The liquid particles may be collected outside of the airflow, which may be allowed to pass through the separation system and out to a destination in the aircraft without the collected liquid.

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic particle separation system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic particle separation system may include a charging stage and a collecting stage. The charging stage may charge airflow passing through to repel liquid particles away from the airflow. Liquid droplets may be collected by the collecting stage and centrifugally flung toward a periphery of a separator. The liquid particles may be collected outside of the airflow which may be allowed to pass through the separator and out to a destination in the aircraft without the collected liquid.

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic particle separation system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic particle separation system may include a particle separator, a sensor module, and a controller configured to receive signals from the sensor module, and operate the particle separator based on the received sensor signals. In some embodiments, the controller may include a processor which may determine whether the particle separator is being operated under an ozone related condition exceeding a threshold operating condition. If one of the threshold operating conditions is exceeded, the particle separator may be turned off which may control the amount of ozone present in the aircraft.

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic particle separation system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic particle separation system may include a charging stage and a collecting stage. The charging stage may charge airflow passing through to repel liquid particles away from the airflow. Liquid droplets may be collected by the collecting stage and centrifugally flung toward a periphery of a separator. The liquid particles may be collected outside of the airflow which may be allowed to pass through the separator and out to a destination in the aircraft without the collected liquid.

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic air treatment system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic air treatment system may use an electronic charging system and a separation system. A turbine rotor may drive a power generating stage to provide high voltage power to the electronic charging system. The charging stage may charge airflow passing through to repel liquid particles away from the airflow. Liquid droplets may be collected and centrifugally flung toward a periphery of the separation system. The liquid particles may be collected outside of the airflow, which may be allowed to pass through the separation system and out to a destination in the aircraft without the collected liquid.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus is described. The polishing apparatus includes a rotatable platen, a drive mechanism to incrementally advance a polishing sheet having a polishing surface in a linear direction across the platen, a subpad on the platen to support the polishing sheet, the subpad having a groove formed therein, and a vacuum source connected to the groove of the subpad and configured to apply a vacuum sufficient to pull portions of the polishing sheet into the groove of the subpad to induce a groove in the polishing surface.