Abstract: A method of making a composite comprises applying controlled heating to a bonding surface of a preformed substantially rigid thermoplastic substrate to cause the bonding surface to flow, without causing substantial heat soaking, melting, or other damage to a residue portion of the substrate, or a second component known as a bonding layer. The method further comprises causing pressurized contact at an interface between the bonding surface and the bonding layer, while the bonding surface is in a flow state. The invention further contemplates an apparatus for making a composite, comprising a heater capable of applying controlled heating to the bonding surface, and a bonding device in communication with the heater for creating pressurized contact at the interface between the bonding surface and the bonding layer, following controlled heating.