Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and computer readable medium has been provided with the ability to obtain a complex permittivity ? or a complex permeability ? of a sample in a cavity. One or more complex-valued resonance frequencies (fm) of the cavity, wherein each fm is a measurement, are obtained. Maxwell's equations are solved exactly for ?, and/or ?, using the fm as known quantities, thereby obtaining the ? and/or ? of the sample.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and computer readable medium has been provided with the ability to obtain a complex permittivity ? or a complex permeability ? of a sample in a cavity. One or more complex-valued resonance frequencies (fm) of the cavity, wherein each fm is a measurement, are obtained. Maxwell's equations are solved exactly for ?, and/or ?, using the fm as known quantities, thereby obtaining the ? and/or ? of the sample.

Abstract: Bonding of MEMs materials is carried out using microwave. High microwave absorbing films are placed within a microwave cavity, and excited to cause selective heating in the skin of the material. This causes heating in one place more than another. Thereby minimizing the effects of the bonding microwave energy.

Abstract: Bonding of materials such as MEMS materials is carried out using microwaves. High microwave absorbing films are placed within a microwave cavity containing other less microwave absorbing materials, and excited to cause selective heating in the skin depth of the films. This causes heating in one place more than another. This thereby minimizes unwanted heating effects during the microwave bonding process.

Abstract: Bonding of materials such as MEMS materials is carried out using microwaves. High microwave absorbing films are placed within a microwave cavity containing other less microwave absorbing materials, and excited to cause selective heating in the skin depth of the films. This causes heating in one place more than another. This thereby minimizes unwanted heating effects during the microwave bonding process.

Abstract: Chemical vapor deposition coating is carried out in a cylindrical cavity. The fibers are heated by a microwave source that is uses a TM0N0 mode, where O is an integer, and produces a field that depends substantially only on radius. The fibers are observed to determine their heating, and their position can be adjusted. Once the fibers are uniformly heated, a CVD reagent is added to process the fibers.

Abstract: Chemical vapor deposition coating is carried out in a cylindrical cavity. The fibers are heated by a microwave source that is uses a TM0N0 mode, where O is an integer, and produces a field that depends substantially only on radius. The fibers are observed to determine their heating, and their position can be adjusted. Once the fibers are uniformly heated, a CVD reagent is added to process the fibers.

Abstract: A method enabling controlled selective heating of workpiece components during microwave brazing. Two workpiece components are joined by melting an adhesion interlayer material between the two components. An indication of when the interlayer has melted is provided. The temperature difference across the braze assembly is monitored and adjusted via a feedback loop to reduce stresses in the braze joint resulting in a stronger braze joint.

Abstract: A microwave oven and microwave heating method generates microwaves within a cavity in a predetermined mode such that there is a known region of uniform microwave field. Samples placed in the region will then be heated in a relatively identical manner. Where perturbations induced by the samples are significant, samples are arranged in a symmetrical distribution so that the cumulative perturbation at each sample location is the same.

Abstract: A system is described that uses acoustic energy to position an object, which simplifies the application of forces in defined directions to the object and which enables the application of large forces to the object. The system includes transducers (21-24, FIG. 1) that direct separate acoustic beams (31-34) at the object (12), with the system constructed so the beams do not create standing wave patterns. A plurality of beams whose phases at the object are not closely controlled, are directed at different surface areas of the object so the beams do not substantially overlap at the object and create possible canceling effects. A very large force is applied to the bottom (124 FIG. 8) of an object lying in a gravity environment, by directing a plurality of beams (141-145) at the same area at the bottom of the object, and with the beams being controlled so they are substantially in phase at the object area. This plurality of beams can also replace one or all of the transducers (21-24, FIG.

Abstract: A .sup.3 He evaporation refrigerator, comprising an evaporator having apparatus to localize liquid and vapor phases in selected regions while allowing evaporation of liquid to occur in normal operation; two adsorption pumps connected via vent ducts with the evaporator to receive .sup.3 He vapor, alternately, there being valve means associated with each pump; heater means associated with the pumps to cause .sup.3 He desorption by the pumps; a condenser-collector to receive desorbed .sup.3 He, and electric force means to hold .sup.3 He liquid at a flow path outlet from the condenser-collector; and a flow path from the condenser-collector back to the evaporator.

Abstract: A dilution refrigerator, the combination comprising an electrostatic mixing chamber containing .sup.3 He-rich and .sup.4 He-rich phases subject to separation in response to electrostatic force application, the chamber having an outlet for .sup.3 He that has passed through an interface between those two liquid phases to produce cooling; a still connected with the mixing chamber to receive .sup.3 He therefrom, the still having an outlet for .sup.3 He; two adsorption pumps connected with said still outlet to receive .sup.3 He vapor, alternately, there being a valve or valve system connected with each pump; heater structure associated with the pumps to cause .sup.3 He desorption by the pumps; a condenser-collector connected with the valves to receive desorbed .sup.3 He, .sup.3 He liquid being held at a flow path outlet from the condenser-collector; and a heat exchanger connected in a flow path from the condenser-collector back to the mixing chamber.