Abstract: In general, one aspect disclosed features a concrete-fillable prefabricated cartridge for constructing a structural concrete building, the concrete-fillable prefabricated cartridge comprising: an inner wall frame; a removable form attached to an outer portion of the inner wall frame such that liquid concrete may be poured into a cavity defined by the inner wall frame and the removable form; and one or more reinforcement bars disposed within the concrete-fillable form.

Abstract: Enhancing email is disclosed. An email message is received. An enhancement associated with the email message is processed. Content of the email message is stored in a common email database including email data accessible by a plurality of platform users. Access to the email data is provided via a platform that provides enhanced messaging functions to the platform users. The content of the email message is transmitted via a conventional email system. The content of the email message is accessible both via the platform and by an email client accessing the conventional email system.

Abstract: Enhancing email is disclosed. An email message is received. Content of the email message is stored in a common email database including email data accessible by a plurality of platform users. Access to the email data is provided via a platform that provides enhanced messaging functions to the platform users. The content of the email message is transmitted via a conventional email system. The content of the email message is accessible both via the platform and by an email client accessing the conventional email system.

Abstract: Enhancing email is disclosed. An email message is received. Content of the email message is stored in a common email database including email data accessible by a plurality of platform users. Access to the email data is provided via a platform that provides enhanced messaging functions to the platform users. The content of the email message is transmitted via a conventional email system. The content of the email message is accessible both via the platform and by an email client accessing the conventional email system.

Abstract: Enhancing email is disclosed. An email message is received. An enhancement associated with the email message is processed. Content of the email message is stored in a common email database including email data accessible by a plurality of platform users. Access to the email data is provided via a platform that provides enhanced messaging functions to the platform users. The content of the email message is transmitted via a conventional email system. The content of the email message is accessible both via the platform and by an email client accessing the conventional email system.

Abstract: The presence of certain auto-antibodies indicates that a subject has lupus. The auto-antibodies recognise antigens listed in Table 1 herein. These auto-antibodies and/or the antigens themselves can be used as biomarkers for assessing lupus in a subject.

Abstract: A system for making a purchase by a customer from a merchant, wherein an electronic message represents an instruction for payment from an account with a financial institution, includes a method of: associating a public key with identity information regarding the account; receiving by the merchant both encoding information for the electronic message and the identity information; forwarding by the merchant the electronic message, encoding information, and identity information; upon receipt of the electronic message, the encoding information, and identity information, retrieving the public key associated with the identity information; and determining a validation result as a function of the electronic message, the encoding information, and the retrieved public key. Upon successful validation, an account authorization is performed or payment from the account is made.

Abstract: The present invention provides biomarkers valuable in diagnosing or detecting a susceptibility to lupus. The present invention also provides panels of biomarkers valuable in diagnosing or detecting a susceptibility to lupus with good specificity and selectivity. Said biomarkers and panels of biomarkers are also useful in monitoring the progression or regression of lupus, or monitoring the progression to a flare of the disease or transition from a flare into remission or monitoring the efficacy of a therapeutic agent to lupus.

Abstract: A method of authenticating a message that is purportedly sent from an account holder having a device that digitally signs messages using a unique private key includes receiving the message, a unique identifier associated with an account of the account holder maintained by an account authority, and a digital signature of the message, the message including a verification status generated by the device based on a comparison of biometric verification data provided to the device with biometric verification data of the account holder prestored within the device, verifying that the message was digitally signed using the private key, and if the digital signature successfully decrypts, acting upon the message as a function of the verification status included in the message and wherein the biometric verification data is a digital representation of a finger print, a retina scan, a facial scan, DNA, or a voice print of the account holder.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing devices that generate digital signatures such that each device may be reliably and uniquely identified includes creating a public-private key pair within each device during manufacture; exporting only the public key from the device; retaining the private key within the device against the possibility of divulgement thereof by the device; and securely linking said exported public key with other information within the environment of the manufacture of the device, whereby each device is securely bound with its respective public key. A database of PuK-linked account information of users is maintained. The PuK-linked account information for each user includes a public key of such a device; information securely linked with the public key during manufacture; and third-party account identifiers, each of which identifies an account to a third-party of the user maintained with the third-party that has been associated with the user's public key by the third-party.

Abstract: A current verification status of a device (256) is identified out of a plurality of predefined verification data input (250) into the device (256) and data prestored within the device.(254) The indicator (272) reveals neither the prestored data nor the verification data. One of the predefined verification statuses is representative of the verification data being the same as the prestored data, and another verification status is representative of the verification data being different from the prestored data. An identified verification status is used by one entity in determining risk regarding an electronic communication from another entity, especially where the electronic communication comprises a request. The prestored data is for a Secret or a biometric characteristic of the first entity.

Abstract: Trusted entity authentication includes creating a public-private pair in a secure environment; storing the private key within a device during its manufacture in the secure environment; linking the public key with other information in the secure environment, receiving input within the device comprising verification data of an entity, identifying within the device a verification status based on the verification data and data prestored within the device; independent of the verification status identified, generating a digital signature for a message including an indication of the identified verification status using the private key; outputting the digital signature for transmission with an EC; identifying upon receipt of the EC the information linked with the public key by authenticating the message with the public key, and considering the identified information and the indicated verification status.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing devices that generate digital signatures such that each device may be reliably and uniquely identified includes creating a public-private key pair within each device during manufacture; exporting only the public key from the device; retaining the private key within the device against the possibility of divulgement thereof by the device; and securely linking said exported public key with other information within the environment of the manufacture of the device, whereby each device is securely bound with its respective public key. A database of PuK-linked account information of users is maintained. The PuK-linked account information for each user includes a public key of such a device; information securely linked with the public key during manufacture; and third-party account identifiers, each of which identifies an account to a third-party of the user maintained with the third-party that has been associated with the user's public key by the third-party.

Abstract: In a system for performing an action regarding an account comprising entity information in response to an electronic communication received from a sender by a receiver, wherein the electronic communication includes sender identity information associated with the account and a digital signature derived using a private key of a public-private key pair, and wherein the public key of the pair has been associated with the account by the receiver such that the public key is retrievable based on the sender identity information, a method of validating the identity of the sender for the electronic communication includes: (a) retrieving the public key based on the received sender identity information; and (b) comparing a function of the public key and the digital signature with a function of the electronic message. The digital signature is derived from an electronic message possessed first by the sender before the receiver. The sender identity information may be different from the electronic message.

Abstract: In a system for performing an action regarding an account comprising entity information in response to an electronic communication received from a sender by a receiver, wherein the electronic communication includes sender identity information associated with the account and a digital signature derived from an electronic message using a private key of a public-private key pair, and wherein the public key of the pair has been associated with the account by the receiver such that the public key is retrievable based on the sender identity information, a method of validating the identity of the sender for the electronic communication includes: (a) retrieving the public key based on the received sender identity information; and (b) comparing a function of the public key and the digital signature with a function of the electronic message. Neither a PIN nor a password is required to be transmitted to the receiver for validating the identity of the sender.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing devices that generate digital signatures such that each device may be reliably and uniquely identified includes creating a public-private key pair within each device during manufacture; exporting only the public key from the device; retaining the private key within the device against the possibility of divulgement thereof by the device; and securely linking said exported public key with other information within the environment of the manufacture of the device, whereby each device is securely bound with its respective public key. A database of PuK-linked account information of users is maintained. The PuK-linked account information for each user includes a public key of such a device; information securely linked with the public key during manufacture; and third-party account identifiers, each of which identifies an account to a third-party of the user maintained with the third-party that has been associated with the user's public key by the third-party.

Abstract: In a system for performing an action regarding an account in response to an electronic communication received from a sender by a receiver, wherein the electronic communication includes sender identity information associated with the account and predetermined encoded information derived using a private key of a public-private key pair, and wherein the public key of the pair has been associated with the account by the receiver such that the public key is retrievable based on the sender identity information, a method of validating the identity of the sender for the electronic communication includes: (a) retrieving the public key based on the received sender identity information; and (b) comparing a function of the public key and the predetermined encoded information with a function of the electronic message. Neither a PIN nor a password is required to be transmitted to the receiver for validating the identity of the sender.

Abstract: A method and system for digitally signing an electronic contract document. An electronic communication contains an identifier, a message, which includes the document, and a digital signature generated with a private key of an asymmetric key pair (247). The identifier may be used to retrieve a corresponding public key (287) and account information pertaining to the sender of the message. The public key may be used to authenticate the sender and the message. A device containing the private key may be used to protect the privacy thereof. The device may also generate a verification status indicator corresponding to verification data input into the device. The indicator may also be used as evidence that the sender of a contract document performed an overt act in causing the electronic communication to be digitally signed. A security profile linked to the public key in a secure database indicates security characteristics of the device.

Abstract: A method of authenticating an entity by a receiving party with respect to an electronic communication that is received by the receiving party and that includes both a unique identifier associated with an account maintained by the receiving party and a digital signature for a message regarding the account, consists of the steps of, before receipt of the electronic communication, first associating by the receiving party a public key of a public-private key pair with the unique identifier and, thereafter, only conducting message authentication using the digital signature received by the receiving party in the electronic communication and the public key associated with the account identifier.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to monitor reception of programs and content by broadcast receivers are disclosed. An example method disclosed herein to monitor reception of a broadcast program by a broadcast receiver located in a statistically selected site comprises retrieving an audience measurement data packet from the broadcast receiver in order to identify the broadcast program, detecting a code embedded in the broadcast program in order to identify the broadcast program, extracting a signature from the broadcast program in order to identify the broadcast program, identifying the broadcast program through use of a software agent, and selecting at least one of the audience measurement data packet, the embedded code, the extracted signature or the software agent to identify the received program.