Abstract: A method for removal of a liquid heat transfer medium from pelletized biomass which has been torrefied by liquid torrefaction by immersing the torrefied biomass into a solvent bath which is miscible with the liquid heat transfer medium, then subjecting the torrefied biomass to the solvent for periodic sonification and/or agitation at a suitable temperature to substantially remove the liquid heat transfer medium from the biomass, separating the solvent from the torrefied biomass and filtering the solvent to remove liquid heat transfer medium residue.

Abstract: A process for preparing an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a resin-supported stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a chlorine-containing oxidant and a solvent at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 35.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a resin-supported stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and, optionally, an oxidant and/or a solvent at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a cerium salt, a highly polar solvent, an oxidant and water, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a chromium (II) salt, a highly polar solvent, an oxidant and water, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and, optionally, an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a branched alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding branched alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.X -generating compound at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the branched alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an aromatic alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding aromatic alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the aromatic alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound, a solvent and an oxidant, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a metal salt selected from the group consisting of a copper salt, an iron salt and mixtures thereof, a nitrite compound, a highly polar solvent, an oxidant and water, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an aldehyde by reacting the corresponding aryl methanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the aldehyde.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a polyoxyalkylene-alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid by reacting the corresponding polyoxyalkylene glycol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and optionally, an oxidant and/or a solvent, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the polyoxyalkylene-alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing an alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and, optionally, an oxidant and/or a solvent, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a secondary alkoxyalkanoic acid by reacting the corresponding secondary alkoxyalkanol with a stable free radical nitroxide in the presence of a NO.sub.x -generating compound and an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the secondary alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkanoic acid which comprises reacting the corresponding alkanol with a solubilized stable free radical nitroxide having the formula: ##STR1## wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is an alkyl, aryl or heteroatom substituted alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms and each of R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is alkyl, hydrogen, aryl or a substituted heteroatom, nitric acid, and a bromide ion-containing compound in the presence of an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 25.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C., and thereafter separating out the alkanoic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid of the formulaRO(CH.sub.2 CHR'O).sub.n CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2wherein R is an alkyl group of from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R' is hydrogen or methyl or mixtures thereof (on the individual molecule) and n is an integer of from 1 to about 12 which comprises reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a solubilized stable free radical nitroxide having the formula: ##STR1## wherein (1) (a) each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is an alkyl, aryl or heteroatom substituted alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, and (b) R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 (i) each is an alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms provided that when R.sub.1 -R.sub.6 are not all alkyl groups, or a substituted alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms wherein the substituent is halogen, cyano, --CONH.sub.2, --OCOCH, OCOC.sub.2 H.sub.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkoxyalkanoic acid of the formulaRO(CH.sub.2 CHR'O).sub.n CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 Hwherein R is an alkyl group of from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R' is hydrogen or methyl or mixtures thereof (on the individual molecule) and n is an integer of from 1 to about 20, which comprises reacting the corresponding alkoxyalkanol with a solubilized stable free radical nitroxide having the formula: ##STR1## wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is an alkyl, aryl or heteroatom substituted alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms and each of R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is alkyl, hydrogen, aryl or a substituted heteroatom, a NO.sub.x -generating compound selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal nitrosodisulfonate, nitric acid, nitrous acid and mixtures thereof, and a chloride ion-containing compound in the presence of an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkoxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of higher alkyl acrylic acid esters which comprises contacting and reacting under ene reaction conditions one or more olefins with one or more alkyl acrylic acid esters in the presense of a catalytically effective amount of an alkoxy aluminum dichloride having a formula R--O--AlCl.sub.2, wherein R is alkyl, aryl or a group having a formula R'--C(O)--, wherein R' is alkyl or aryl.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of higher alkyl acrylic acid esters which comprises contacting and reacting under ene reaction conditions one or more olefins with one or more alkyl acrylic acid esters in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by reacting an alkylaluminum dichloride with silica-alumina.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkanoic acid which comprises reacting the corresponding alkanol with a solubilized stable free radical nitroxide having the formula: ##STR1## wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is an alkyl, aryl or heteroatom substituted alkyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms and each of R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is alkyl, hydrogen, aryl or a substituted heteroatom, and nitric acid in the presence of an oxidant at a temperature in the range of from about 25.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C. and thereafter separating out the alkanoic acid.