Abstract: An apparatus is provided for preheating fuel from a vehicle fuel tank prior to feeding the fuel to a vehicle engine. The apparatus comprises first and second heat exchangers. The first heat exchanger uses fuel from the fuel tank to heat engine coolant received from the vehicle engine. The second heat exchanger uses engine coolant to discharge from the first heat exchanger to heat the fuel received from the fuel tank.

Abstract: A tire and wheel assembly comprises a wheel rim, a tire and an inner tube having a valve stem, an opening in the wheel rim for receiving the valve stem, a flap disposed between the wheel rim and the inner tube, and a reusable shield interposed between the flap and the wheel rim in proximity to the rim opening to prevent exposure of the flap through the rim opening. The shield includes a relatively small opening for snugly receiving the valve stem, has a size sufficient to completely cover the rim opening, and is constructed of a resilient material which is resistant to deterioration when exposed to substances such as grease, oil, and road salts.