Abstract: A radiation detector has an electron emitter that includes a coated nanostructure on a support. The nanostructure can include a plurality of nanoneedles. A nanoneedle is a shaft tapering from a base portion toward a tip portion. The tip portion has a diameter between about 1 nm to about 50 nm and the base portion has a diameter between about 20 nm to about 300 nm. Each shaft has a length between about 100 nm to about 3,000 nm and an aspect ratio larger than 10. A coating covers at least the tip portions of the shafts. The coating exhibits negative electron affinity and is capable of emitting secondary electrons upon being irradiated by radiation. The nanostructure can also include carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with a material selected from the group of aluminum nitride (AlN), gallium nitride (GaN), and zinc oxide (ZnO).

Abstract: In a grating structure for use in a Fourier spectrometer with a series of raised and recessed surfaces of optical quality, a plurality of binary lamellar gratings are provided which have distinct height differences and are arranged on different surface areas to provide a suitable diffractive-optical element.

Abstract: A micro secondary electron multiplier or an array thereof employs discrete dynodes which are microstructured and applied to an insulating substrate plate. The substrate plate is provided with electrical conductor paths for the connection of the dynodes. The dynodes can be made using a technique such as X-ray depth lithography-galvanoplasty (the LIGA technique). The micro secondary electron multiplier or an array of such multipliers is extremely small and sensitive, and has a high time resolution. Furthermore there is considerable flexibility in positioning the multipliers of an array.

Abstract: A cage for a clutch roller in an overrunning clutch having a side plate and crossbars extending therefrom parallel to the axis of the cage, complemented by a side ring spaced from the side plate which is bonded integrally to the ends of the crossbars. As a result of this, one obtains a cage with high stability that can be simply produced.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the angular dependence of radiation scattered from a volume, including a local resolution radiation detector having a radiation-sensitive surface, and an optical system directing the radiation onto the radiation-sensitive surface in such a manner as to establish a single-value relationship between the angular direction of radiation from the volume and the location of impingement thereof on the radiation-sensitive surface.