Abstract: A multilayer film, capable of withstanding high thermal stresses, with silver as functional layer, a sacrificial metal layer placed on top of the silver layer and antireflection dielectric layers, has a metal nitride layer between the silver layer and the sacrificial metal layer. This metal nitride layer is composed in particular of Si3N4 and/or AlN and constitutes an effective diffusion barrier. The optical and energy properties of the silver layer consequently remain, for the most part, preserved, even after undergoing high thermal stresses (for example of the bending or toughening type when curving and/or prestressing a window pane provided with the multilayer film).

Abstract: A glass pane is provided with a multilayer system having metallic reflection and a high thermal resistance. The multilayer system comprises a dielectric base layer, a metal layer having a high reflection, made of chromium or a metal alloy containing at least 45 wt % chromium, and a nitride top layer. The dielectric base layer is composed of at least one oxide partial layer made of SnO2, ZnO and/or TiO2, close to the surface of the glass, and a nitride partial layer, close to the metal layer.

Abstract: A low-emissivity multilayer system, capable of being bent and prestressed, for glazing panes, with silver as functional layer, comprises a sacrificial metal layer of Ti or an alloy of Ti and Zn and/or Al placed above the silver layer, antireflection dielectric layers and an oxide, nitride or oxynitride covering layer. The sacrificial metal layer contains chemically bonded hydrogen. An optionally Al- and/or In-doped ZnO layer is adjacent to the sacrificial metal layer. The covering layer consists of a titanium compound. Multilayer systems of this type can be manufactured relatively inexpensively and have a high hardness and a high chemical resistance. Their color parameters are very reproducible, even in the case of a heat treatment at high temperature.

Abstract: A multilayer system for the surface-coating of transparent substrates, particularly a low emission (Low-E) multilayer system for glass glazing, has at least one layer of mixed oxides produced by reactive sputtering from a metal target alloy. The layer of mixed oxides is made up of ZnO and TiO2 at at least one of the oxides Al2O3, Ga2O3 and Sb2O3. It can act as an upper and/or lower antireflection layer, as a partial layer of an antireflection layer and/or as a top coat. Such a multilayer system is characterized by a high hardness and by very good resistance to a maritime environmental.

Abstract: A low-emissivity multilayer system, capable of being bent and prestressed, for glazing panes, with silver as functional layer, comprises a sacrificial metal layer of Ti or an alloy of Ti and Zn and/or Al placed above the silver layer, antireflection dielectric layers and an oxide, nitride or oxynitride covering layer. The sacrificial metal layer contains chemically bonded hydrogen. An optionally Al- and/or In-doped ZnO layer is adjacent to the sacrificial metal layer. The covering layer consists of a titanium compound. Multilayer systems of this type can be manufactured relatively inexpensively and have a high hardness and a high chemical resistance. Their color parameters are very reproducible, even in the case of a heat treatment at high temperature.

Abstract: A layer stack for the surface coating of transparent substrates, in particular panes of glass, has at least one metal oxide composite layer produced by reactive cathodic sputtering and contains Zn oxide and Sn oxide. Relative to the total amount of metal, this metal oxide composite layer contains from 0.5 to 6.5% by weight of one or more of the elements Al, Ga, In, B, Y, La, Ge, Si, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ce, Ti, Zr, Nb and Ta. In a layer stack which has a silver layer as a functional layer, the metal oxide composite layer may be used as an upper and/or lower antireflection layer, as a diffusion barrier layer, as a sublayer of an antireflection layer and/or as an upper cover layer.

Abstract: A multilayer film, capable of withstanding high thermal stresses, with silver as functional layer, a sacrificial metal layer placed on top of the silver layer and antireflection dielectric layers, has a metal nitride layer between the silver layer and the sacrificial metal layer. This metal nitride layer is composed in particular of Si3N4 and/or AlN and constitutes an effective diffusion barrier. The optical and energy properties of the silver layer consequently remain, for the most part, preserved, even after undergoing high thermal stresses (for example of the bending or toughening type when curving and/or prestressing a window pane provided with the multilayer film).

Abstract: A glass pane is provided with a multilayer system having metallic reflection and a high thermal resistance. The multilayer system comprises a dielectric base layer, a metal layer having a high reflection, made of chromium or a metal alloy containing at least 45 wt % chromium, and a nitride top layer. The dielectric base layer is composed of at least one oxide partial layer made of SnO2, ZnO and/or TiO2, close to the surface of the glass, and a nitride partial layer, close to the metal layer.

Abstract: A layer stack for the surface coating of transparent substrates, in particular panes of glass, has at least one metal oxide composite layer produced by reactive cathodic sputtering and contains Zn oxide and Sn oxide. Relative to the total amount of metal, this metal oxide composite layer contains from 0.5 to 6.5% by weight of one or more of the elements Al, Ga, In, B, Y, La, Ge, Si, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ce, Ti, Zr, Nb and Ta. In a layer stack which has a silver layer as a functional layer, the metal oxide composite layer may be used as an upper and/or lower antireflection layer, as a diffusion barrier layer, as a sublayer of an antireflection layer and/or as an upper cover layer.

Abstract: A layer stack for the surface coating of transparent substrates, in particular panes of glass, has at least one metal oxide composite layer produced by reactive cathodic sputtering and contains Zn oxide and Sn oxide. Relative to the total amount of metal, this metal oxide composite layer contains from 0.5 to 6.5% by weight of one or more of the elements Al, Ga, In, B, Y, La, Ge, Si, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ce, Ti, Zr, Nb and Ta. In a layer stack which has a silver layer as a functional layer, the metal oxide composite layer may be used as an upper and/or lower antireflection layer, as a diffusion barrier layer, as a sublayer of an antireflection layer and/or as an upper cover layer.

Abstract: The invention is a transparent substrate provided with a multilayer stack having thermal properties, especially solar-control or low-emissivity properties. The stack comprises at least one silver-based functional layer surrounded by at least two coatings made of dielectric material, with the presence of thin metal layers between the functional layer and at least one of the coatings made of dielectric material. A preferred stack is D1/ZnO/Ag/AlM/D2/ZnM′O, with AlM representing an aluminum alloy, ZnM′O a mixed oxide of zinc and at least one other metal, with D1 and D2 being a layer or a superposition of layers comprising at least one layer made of a metal oxide, silicon nitride, metal nitride or made of a mixed silicon/metal nitride.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transparent substrate, in particular glass substrate, provided with a thin-film stack including at least one metal film with properties in the infrared, in particular a low-emissivity one, arranged between two coatings which each include at least one anti-reflection film based on dielectric material, and at least one protective film based on a sacrificial metal or a partially or fully oxidized sacrificial metal or a sacrificial metal alloy placed between the said metal film and one of the said coatings. According to the invention, the film placed directly below and/or above the said metal film contains at least one of the noble metals Pd, Au, Ir, Pt and Rh. The low-level addition of one or more of these metals to the others, namely the film placed below and/or above the metal film, leads to an increase in the chemical stability and the hardness of the thin-film stack.

Abstract: A method for improving the quality of a system of layers deposited on a substrate such as glass is provided, in which, the system of layers have an oxide-based surface layer, in particular n-type semi-conductor oxides such as SnO.sub.x, in which the surface layer is subjected to IR irradiation to provide a stabilization of the layer equivalent to or better than with a 48-hour exposure to the air.

Abstract: An inductive displacement transducer is proposed which serves to convert a mechanical movement into an electrical signal and in particular, in order to measure the fuel consumption of an internal combustion engine, the transducer ascertains the movement of an air flow rate meter disposed in the intake tube of the engine. The displacement transducer includes a core comprising two E-shaped sets of arms disposed symmetrically relative to one another, of which one set of arms serves as the measuring arm set, the middle arm of which is surrounded on one end by a measuring magnetic coil and on the other end by a measuring short-circuit ring connected with the air flow rate meter, and the other set of arms acts as a reference arm set, the middle arm of which is surrounded on one end by a reference magnetic coil and on the other end by a fixed reference short-circuit ring. The measuring short-circuit ring is connected with a leaf spring, which is secured on the air flow rate meter.

Abstract: A fuel metering system of an internal combustion engine is regulated by a data processor which has stored data prescribing the proper amount of fuel to be metered out for particular positions of the throttle valve and for particular values of the engine rpm. This preliminary adjustment is further refined by providing the data processor with feedback data concerning actual engine operating parameters, e.g. the exhaust gas composition, engine speed fluctuation and temperature. The feedback data is used by the data processor to override and further adjust the fuel quantity metered out to the engine.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for a point lasting machine to fold over an edge of a shaft of a shoe or of a shoe upper at a ball and joint part of a last of the machine. The apparatus includes movable presser members for applying pressure against opposite side surfaces of the last when the shaft or upper is positioned thereon. Associated bands are connected to the presser members respectively for folding over the shaft edge against an underside of an insole of the shoe and for holding the shaft edge in its folded position against the insole. Preferably, the bands are fabricated from an elastic material. Each band extends transversely from its associated presser member for positioning against the respective shaft and shaft edge. A tensioning device is connected to each band for tensioning the band against the associated shaft and shaft edge to fold and hold the shaft edge.

Abstract: For applying adhesive to an insole, adhesive supplying tubes are provided which are independently yieldable upon being forced against the shoe part to which the adhesive is to be applied. This accommodates the shape of the shoe bottom and assists in applying the adhesive to various sizes of insoles.