Abstract: A high-speed printer with two or more individually driven, coordinately controlled, co-printing wheels carrying type elements supported by radial spokes or petals. One or more circumferential gaps (spoke-free positions) in each wheel permit read-through and hammer action or ribbon-impacting printing spoke deflection through print cycle instantaneously inactive wheel(s). The redistribution of symbols among a plurality of wheels, major reduction in size and moment of inertia of each wheel and drive motor, redundant wheel openings and redundant symbols distributed among the wheels greatly increase operating speed, materially assisted by microprocessor optimal lookahead wheel, opening and symbol preselection.

Abstract: An electric heating element for a cooking apparatus or other device requiring uniform heat generation over an extended area is presented in which the resistivity (.rho.), the angular coverage (.theta.), and/or the thickness (T) of the electrically resistive material at any radial distance (r) from the center of the heating element, are in accordance with the relationship .rho./.theta.T is proportional to r.sup.2. The variables .theta. and .rho. may be varied singly, together, or in combination with variation in thickness (T). Heating elements fabricated with cross-sectional shapes calculated in accordance with the relationship set forth above, and disclosed in detail herein, and in which the current flow is radial, provide uniform energy release and therefore nearly uniform temperature across the surface of the element. The absolute element dimensions and masses per unit surface area are small, thereby maximizing rates of desired temperature setting changes.

Abstract: An electric heating element for a cooking apparatus or other device requiring uniform heat generation over an extended area is presented in which the thickness (T) of the electrically resistive heating element increases from the outer edges of the generally disc-shaped element towards the center in inverse proportion to the square of the ratio of the radius (r) at any point to that of the radius at a reference point ("a"), so that ##EQU1## Heating elements fabricated with cross sectional shapes calculated in accordance with the parameters set forth above and disclosed in detail herein and in which the current flow is radial, provide uniform energy release and therefore nearly uniform heat across the surface of the element. Additionally, the absolute element dimensions and masses per unit surface area are small, maximizing rates of desired temperature setting changes. The basic principle is applicable in several technologies related to cooking, e.g., vacuum evaporation.