Abstract: Foamed polymers such as polyurethanes useful, for instance, as cushioning, insulation, and in reaction injection molding to produce thin section moldings can be produced without substantial reduction in physical properties by the incorporation therein of about 2 percent to about 75 percent by weight based upon the weight of said polymer of at least one non-reactive, liquid urethane modifier compound processing aid or flame-retardant additive. Said modifier has a low viscosity at ambient temperatures and is a low-molecular weight urethane adduct formed by the reaction of (1) at least one polyisocyanate and at least one monohydric alcohol or (2) at least one monofunctional isocyanate with at least one monohydric or polyhydric alcohol or (3) at least one isocyanate-terminated quasi-prepolymer with at least one monohydric alcohol. Said modifier can also consist of mixtures of (1), (2), and (3). Utilizing halogenated alcohols, flame-retardant polymer foams such as polyurethane foams can be prepared.

Abstract: Rigid, solid, non-cellular, urethane polymer compositions can be prepared which are the reaction product of at least one polyhydric alcohol with at least one organic polyisocyanate in the presence of a low molecular weight urethane modifier adduct which is the reaction product prepared, for instance, by reacting (1) at least one polyisocyanate and at least one monohydric alcohol or (2) at least one monofunctional isocyanate with at least one monohydric or polyhydric alcohol. Said adduct can also consist of mixtures of (1) and (2). Such polymers when prepared in the presence of any catalyst for urethane formation which is a liquid or solid at ambient temperature, set quickly to solid, rigid polymers having a density of at least one gram per cubic centimeter. They can be demolded after combining the materials, without the addition of heat from an external source, within a period of less than one minute to about 15 minutes.

Abstract: By using a polyether polyol grafted with a suitable proportion of a suitable vinyl-type monomer with the use of a free-radical catalyst, it is possible to obtain filled or unfilled castings of thermosetting polyurethane which has excellent physical properties as well as good processing characteristics.

Abstract: The addition of small amounts of organic titanium compounds to polyol compounds reduces the viscosity of said compounds.

Abstract: Compositions of vanadyl alcoholate, organic titanate and polyhydric alcohol compounds are effective esterification and transesterification catalysts.

Abstract: Complexes of stannous carboxylate and tetraalkyl titanate are effective esterification and transesterification catalysts.

Abstract: Polyester polyols are prepared by the reaction of a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride with a polyhydric alcohol employing in an initial step a stoichiometric excess of polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, thereafter removing between 90 to 95% of the water of esterification, adjusting the stoichiometry of the reaction by addition of polyhydric alcohol, and continuing the esterification reaction until a polyester polyol having an acid number of less than two is obtained. The process allows for an increase in reactor capacity without equipment modification at the same cycle times and a decrease in side product formation.

Abstract: Complexes of quadrivalent organotin and quadrivalent organotitanium compounds are effective esterification and transesterification catalysts.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon polymers which have been chloronitrosylated and chlorosulfonated to introduce nitrogen and sulfur containing polar groups into the polymer or composites of chlorosulfonated and chloronitrosylated hydrocarbon polymers may readily be crosslinked with heat forming products having improved physical properties.

Abstract: Organic polymers are crosslinked with polyfunctional chloronitroso containing compounds.

Abstract: The process for curing polymers with chloronitroso compounds can be accelerated by incorporating metallic compounds as accelerators.