Abstract: A glass wave guide element, which is small in size and amenable to integration and mass-production, and a method of manufacturing the glass wave guide element are provided. The glass wave guide element includes a core 3 having a diffraction grating formed on an under cladding 2, an over cladding 4 covering the core 3 and a heater 6 for changing the Bragg wavelength of the diffraction grating, the heater being arranged on the over cladding 4. The core 3 and a central portion (2B, 4B) of both claddings in a surrounding portion around the core 3 are formed in a state of being continuously separated along a longitudinal direction of the core 3 from the substrate 1 through a gap 5, and the core 3 and the surrounding portion around the core 3 are formed in a state of being spatially intermittently separated in a width direction of the core 3 from a surrounding portion (2A, 2C, 4A, 4C) of both claddings through a gap.

Abstract: A waveguide type grating device according to the invention includes a quartz substrate, a cladding and two waveguides. Waveguides are arranged to provide an input port, an Add port, an output port, a Drop port, directional 3 dB couplers, core width-changing portions, and grating portions each interposed between core width-changing portions. The width of core is changed between each non-grating portion and each grating portion in an adiabatic structure, for example, a parabolic structure. For this structure, a waveguide type grating device is structured to suppress the increase in wavelength loss due to coupling from progressive propagation mode to regressive radiation mode, with less cost and smaller dimension.

Abstract: If a decelerating-state detecting device detects a decelerating state of a vehicle, an electricity-generation control device allows a dynamo to generate electricity through a regulator, thereby recovering a kinetic energy of the vehicle, wastefully consumed by braking, as electric energy to charge a battery. At the same time, a braking-force control device controls the opening of a throttle valve through an actuator, thereby decreasing the braking force generated by a pumping load of an engine to prevent a variation in total braking force, so that a sense of incompatibility is prevented from being felt by a driver. Even if the opening of an exhaust valve of an exhaust brake device is controlled instead of controlling the opening of the throttle valve, a similar function and effect can be achieved. Thus, it is possible to avoid a variation in braking force during deceleration of the vehicle, while suppressing the consumption of an engine power output due to the driving of the dynamo to a minimum.

Abstract: There is provided a generator system for internal combustion engines, which can produce power efficiently at all times irrespective of the engine speed even for use in an internal combustion engine operated at variable speeds such as a vehicle engine. An AC generator electronic control unit (ACG.ECU) 3 determines a rotation speed N2 of a rotating electromagnetic field to be generated by a rotor 1R based on a mechanical rotation speed N1 of the rotor 1R in an alternator 1 such that the relative speed N of the rotating magnetic field to a stator 1S agrees with the maximum efficiency speed of rotation Nx. Then the ACG.ECU 3 sends the determined value to a rotating electromagnetic field controller 2a. The rotating electromagnetic field controller 2a controls phases of AC power to be supplied to a three-phase coil 11 of the rotor 1R to generate a rotating electromagnetic field with the rotation speed N2.

Abstract: A width of a core in an optical waveguide is decreased in accordance with a value of a predetermined equation, as a distance of a position of the core to the center position thereof is decreased. Consequently, a rectangular spectrum property having no ripple is obtained on a lower wavelength side in a reflection grating. In addition, the width of the core is changed at the position Z in the direction of light propagation, while a UV light is radiated to the core, so that a periodically striated distribution of refractive indices having an envelope which is changed in accordance with a value of ".vertline.sin(C.multidot.Z).vertline./.vertline.C.multidot.Z.vertline." is formed in the core of the optical waveguide, and a phase of a light to be propagated in the direction of the light propagation is shifted at the position Z as defined below by .pi..Z=m.pi./C(m=. . . ,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3, . . )Thus, a rectangular spectrum property is obtained in a low reflection grating.

Abstract: A cylinder-discriminating device for an internal combustion engine is provided. A reference timing signal is generated whenever the engine rotates through a predetermined rotational angle. A secondary-side sparking current produced in a particular cylinder or a particular cylinder group in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal is detected. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between cylinders or between cylinder groups, based on the secondary-side sparking current detected. In another form, secondary-side sparking currents produced in respective cylinders or respective cylinder groups in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal are detected. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between the cylinders or between the cylinder groups, based on the secondary-side sparking currents detected.

Abstract: A width of a core in an optical waveguide is decreased in accordance with a value of a predetermined equation, as a distance of a position of the core to the center position thereof is decreased. Consequently, a rectangular spectrum property having no ripple is obtained on a lower wavelength side in a reflection grating. In addition, the width of the core is changed at the position Z in the direction of light propagation, while a UV light is radiated to the core, so that a periodically striated distribution of refractive indices having an envelope which is changed in accordance with a value of ".vertline.sin (C.multidot.Z).vertline./.vertline.C.multidot.Z.vertline." is formed in the core of the optical waveguide, and a phase of a light to be propagated in the direction of the light propagation is shifted at the position Z as defined below by .pi.. Z=m.pi./C(m= - - - , -3,-2,-1,1,2,3, - - - ) Thus, a rectangular spectrum property is obtained in a low reflection grating.

Abstract: An optical device having a switching function has a waveguide filter for switching whether input signal light of including at least one specific wavelength should be transmitted or reflected. The input signal lights of wavelength of .lambda..sub.1 .about..lambda.n are transmitted to the input waveguide. When the waveguide filter is off, the signal lights of all wavelength are transmitted to the output port. When the waveguide filter is on, the signal light of wavelength of .lambda..sub.2 .about..lambda.n are transmitted, but the signal light of wavelength of .lambda..sub.2 is reversed and output to the drop port. If the thin film heaters are off, a signal light of wavelength of .lambda..sub.1 is output (dropped) from the drop port. If the thin film heaters are on, it is reversed and transmitted to the output port.

Abstract: A cylinder-discriminating device for an internal combustion engine is provided. A reference timing signal is generated whenever the engine rotates through a predetermined rotational angle. A sparking voltage produced in a particular cylinder or a particular cylinder group in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal is detected. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between cylinders or between cylinder groups, based on the sparking voltage detected. In another form, sparking voltages produced in respective cylinders or respective cylinder groups in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal are detected. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between the cylinders or between the cylinder groups, based on the sparking voltages detected.

Abstract: A cylinder-discriminating device for an internal combustion engine is provided. A reference timing signal is generated whenever the engine rotates through a predetermined rotational angle. A discharge period is detected based on a sparking voltage produced in a particular cylinder or a particular cylinder group in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between cylinders or between cylinder groups, based on the detected discharge period. In another form, discharge periods are detected based on sparking voltages produced in respective cylinders or respective cylinder groups in response to an ignition timing signal generated in synchronism with generation of the reference timing signal. Cylinder discrimination is carried out to discriminate between the cylinders or between the cylinder groups, based on the detected discharge periods.

Abstract: A guided-wave optical multi/demultiplexer is capable of providing a wide wavelength band freely. Each of two directional couplers is constructed so that the coupling ratio of light intensity in the wavelength .lambda..sub.2 is at least 50% and the coupling ratio of light intensity in the wavelength .lambda..sub.3 having a wavelength band in close proximity to the wavelength .lambda..sub.1 is 0% or 100%, the light in the wave band containing the wavelength .lambda..sub.1 and the wavelength .lambda..sub.3 and the light in the wave band containing the wavelength .lambda..sub.2 being multiplexed and demultiplexed.

Abstract: A misfire-detecting system for an internal combustion engine detects a value of the sparking voltage generated by the igniting device after generation of the ignition command signal, determines the duration of a discharge of a spark plug, based upon the detected sparking voltage, and determines whether or not a misfire has occurred in the engine, based upon the determined duration of the discharge. For example, the misfire-detecting system measures the duration of the discharge from the time of generation of the ignition command signal, based upon the detected sparking voltage, compares the measured duration of the discharge with a predetermined time period. When the measured duration is shorter than the predetermined time period, it is determined that a misfire has occurred in the engine.

Abstract: A driving wheel slip device for a vehicle includes a slip detector for detecting a slip condition of a driving wheel, a fuel supply controller for controlling a fuel supply quantity to an engine of the vehicle, in response to an output from the slip detector, and an ignition timing changing circuit for advancing ignition timing of the engine from a standard ignition timing under a normal fuel supply control to an advanced ignition timing, in synchronization with fuel supply reduction control, including fuel supply cut, carried out by said fuel supply controller.

Abstract: A misfire-detecting system for an internal combustion engine detects a value of sparking voltage generated by the igniting device of the engine after generation of an ignition command signal, compares the value of the detected sparking voltage with a predetermined value, and determines whether or not a misfire has occurred in the engine, based upon the result of the comparison. The misfire-detecting system can discriminate between a misfire attributable to the fuel supply system of the engine and one attributable to the ignition system of the engine, from a detected peak value of the sparking voltage.

Abstract: A misfire-detecting system for an internal combustion engine detects a value of sparking voltage generated after generation of an ignition command signal, compares the detected value of sparking voltage with a predetermined voltage value, and determines whether or not a misfire has occurred in the engine, based upon results of the comparison. The determination as to occurrence of the misfire is effected, based upon results of the comparison between the detected value of the sparking voltage and the predetermined voltage value, obtained within a previously set limited comparison period.

Abstract: A misfire-detecting system detects a misfire occurring in an internal combustion engine in such a manner that a value of discharge current is detected when sparking voltage is generated in response to an ignition command signal, the detected value of discharge current is compared with a predetermined current value, and it is determined that a misfire has occurred when a time period over which the detected discharge current value after generation of the ignition command signal is above the predetermined current value is shorter than a predetermined time period.

Abstract: A misfire-detecting system detects a misfire occurring in an internal combustion engine. A value of sparking voltage after generation of an ignition command signal indicative of ignition timing is detected and compared with a predetermined voltage value, and it is determines based upon the results of the comparison whether or not a misfire has occurred in the engine. The determination as to occurrence of the misfire is based upon at least one of a time period over which the detected value of the sparking voltage exceeds the predetermined voltage value, and an area of a portion of detected values of the sparking voltage exceeding the predetermined voltage value.

Abstract: A distributor for a vehicle includes a housing and a cap operatively positioned on the housing for defining a closed space therebetween. A central electrode and a side electrode are operatively mounted within the cap in a predetermined disposition. A distributor rotor is rotatably mounted relative to the housing and projects within the closed space, the distributor rotor includes an upper end and a lower end. At least one fin is mounted adjacent to the upper end of the distributor rotor for rotation together with the distributor rotor. An air flow guiding member projects into the closed space. An air intake aperture is provided for introducing ambient air into the closed space. A discharge aperture is formed in the cap for discharging swirling air flow induced by rotation of the distributor rotor to travel from the air intake aperture along the air flow guiding member and through the discharge aperture to the atmosphere.

Abstract: An abnormal combustion-detecting device and a combustion control device for internal combustion engines. Ignition timing for the cylinders is set in accordance with engine operating conditions. The set ignition timing for at least one of the cylinders is retarded when the engine is in a predetermined operating condition. Abnormal combustion caused by postignition within the at least one cylinder is detected when the set ignition timing is retarded. When abnormal combustion is detected within the at least one cylinder, temperature within the cylinders is lowered, thereby positively preventing possible occurrence of preignition.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material containing a solution of a 5-pyrazolone type magneta coupler and a high-boiling organic solvent of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 each represent an aliphatic or aromatic group with a carbon atom of R.sub.3 directly bonded to the phosphorus atom.