Abstract: Each of six first lattice elements adjacent to a light confinement portion shifts from a lattice point in a direction of separating from the light confinement portion, and each of twelve second lattice elements shifts from a lattice point in a direction of separating from the light confinement portion. The second lattice elements are lattice elements arranged to be adjacent to the first lattice elements on a side of separating from the light confinement portion. Moreover, each of the first lattice elements has a smaller diameter than other lattice elements arranged on lattice points.

Abstract: A wire electric discharge machining apparatus that machines a workpiece by using a wire supported between a lower arm and an upper arm. The apparatus includes a surface plate that has a vacant inner area in which the wire moves and supports part of the workpiece with an outer area thereof. The apparatus further includes a bellows that extends through a side surface of a casing of a machining bath, enclosing part of the lower arm, wherein a first end of the bellows that is on a side of the machining bath is attached to the lower arm so that the bellows does not get in under the inner area, at whatever position the wire machines the workpiece.

Abstract: A wire electric discharge machining apparatus that machines a workpiece by using a wire supported between a lower arm and an upper arm. The apparatus includes a surface plate that has a vacant inner area in which the wire moves and supports part of the workpiece with an outer area thereof. The apparatus further includes a bellows that extends through a side surface of a casing of a machining bath, enclosing part of the lower arm, wherein a first end of the bellows that is on a side of the machining bath is attached to the lower arm so that the bellows does not get in under the inner area, at whatever position the wire machines the workpiece.