Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a vacuum envelope and an electron emission element, an image forming member and a spacer disposed within the vacuum envelope. The spacer, which is disposed between electrodes to which mutually different voltages are applied within the vacuum vessel, has semiconductivity on a surface thereof faced to vacuum and a conductive member arranged to encircle the surface.

Abstract: This invention provides an arrangement for alleviating the electric charge of members apt to be electrically charged such as spacers used in an electron beam apparatus by arranging a high resistance film thereon. Particularly, the low resistance layer arranged at each of the members is covered by a high resistance film to suppress any electric discharges.

Abstract: In a video system of the invention, a controller is provided for a terminal input apparatus which is connected by a communication network to a camera on the partner side and which has an image display apparatus with a multi-window display function for selecting and displaying the camera setting. An image pickup operation which is required to operate the camera on the partner side, for example, the image pickup direction, focal distance, panning, exposure amount, white balance, automatic focusing, and the like of the designated camera are input by using an image display and a window display of the image display apparatus. The operation of the camera on the partner side and the operations of a tripod, a movable arm, and the like to hold the camera are controlled through a communicating device. A photographed image is displayed by the display apparatus.

Abstract: A plurality of electron-emitting devices carried on a device substrate are arranged vis-a-vis an acceleration electrode carried on a face plate. The device substrate and the face plate, together with side walls disposed therebetween, constitute an envelope the inner space of which is kept under vacuum. A number of spacers are also disposed between the device substrate and the face plate within the inner space. The electric potential Va applied to the acceleration electrode, the distance l between the electron-emitting devices and the corresponding respective spacers, and the distance d between the electron-emitting devices and the acceleration electrode satisfy the relationship, Va·l2/d2>|&Dgr;Vsat|/(2·&agr;·&bgr;), where &agr; and &bgr; are constants determined from several factors and &Dgr;Vsat is the potential deviation of the spacer surface under charged conditions from that under uncharged conditions.

Abstract: In a video system of the invention, control means is provided for a terminal input apparatus which is connected by a communication network of a camera on the partner side and which comprises an image display apparatus having a multiwindow display function for selecting and displaying the camera. An image pickup operation which is required to the camera on the partner side, for example, the image pickup direction, focal distance, panning, exposure amount, white balance, automatic focusing, and the like of the designated camera are inputted by using an image display and a window display of the image display apparatus. The operation of the camera on the partner side and the operations of a tripod, a movable arm, and the like to hold the camera are controlled through communicating means. A photographed image is displayed by the display apparatus.

Abstract: A support member (20) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An insulating film is formed on the support member (20) or its surface. An intermediate layer (21) is formed at a portion near the rear plate (31). The intermediate layer (21) is set at a low resistance and the same potential as that of the rear plate (31). As a result, an electron beam emitted from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (20) follows an orbit which is directed temporarily away from the support member and then comes close to the support member near the face plate (30) due to the steady charge-up of the support member. Then, the electron beam is irradiated on a defined position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: A support member (20) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An insulating film is formed on the support member (20) or its surface. An intermediate layer (21) is formed at a portion near the rear plate (31). The intermediate layer (21) is set at a low resistance and the same potential as that of the rear plate (31). As a result, an electron beam from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (20) follows an orbit which is temporarily away from the support member and then comes close to the support member near the face plate (30) due to the steady charge-up of the support member. Then, the electron beam is irradiated on a defined position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: Image pickup control apparatus and method displays, on a screen, an image picked up a camera and transmitted through a communications system. A plurality of control devices may control the camera through the communications system. When one of the control devices is in control of the camera through the communications system, the other control devices are inhibited from controlling the camera.

Abstract: There are provided an electron source apparatus capable of suppressing variations in electron emission state from electron-emitting devices even with an arrangement using spacers (9), and an image forming apparatus using the electron source apparatus. A plurality of row-direction wiring lines (8) and a plurality of column-direction wiring lines (6) are formed on a substrate (1) so as to cross each other. An electron-emitting device made up of device electrodes (2, 3), a conductive film (4), and an electron-emitting portion 5 is formed at each intersection between the row-direction wiring line (8) and the column-direction wiring line (6). The spacers (9) are arranged on some of the row-direction wiring lines (8). The column-direction wiring lines (6) are respectively connected to controlled constant current sources (221a, 221b, 221c) serving as current sources capable of outputting desired current values.

Abstract: This invention discloses an electron apparatus with electron-emitting devices in which a support member maintains the interval between a first substrate having the electron-emitting devices and a second substrate facing the first substrate. In this arrangement, the support member is made of an insulating material, and of a plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged substantially linearly, two electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other through the support member are arranged at a larger interval than the interval between two electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other without the mediacy of the support member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus such as an image display apparatus has spacers the charging of the surface of which can be reduced as well as the occurrence of discharge. The image forming apparatus includes an envelope, an electron source disposed within the envelope, an image forming member for forming an image by irradiation with electrons emitting by the electron source, and a spacer disposed between electrodes to which mutually different voltages are applied within the envelope. The spacer has conductivity and is electrically connected to the electrodes via conductive layers, and each of the conductive layers has an end portion defining a shape which is a combination of a linear portion and a curved portion or a combination of a linear portion and an obtuse-angle portion.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus comprises an electron source having a substrate on which a plurality of electron emitting devices are arranged, a face plate provided with striped fluorescent substances for emitting light of different colors and serving to form a color image upon irradiation of electrons by the electron source. Rectangular spacers are arrange between the substrate and the face plate and are fixed to the substrate and contacted to the face plate, and further a longitudinal direction of the spacers crosses a longitudinal direction of the striped fluorescent substances at a substantially right angle.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus includes an electron source having an electron-emitting device, an electrode for controlling an electron beam emitted from the electron source, a target to be irradiated with an electron beam emitted from the electron source and a spacer arranged between the electron source and the electrode. The spacer has a semiconductor film on the surface thereof that is electrically connected to the electron source and the electrode.

Abstract: This specification discloses a plate-like polarizing element for converting light into polarized light having a plurality of units arranged along a common plane across the light, each of the units being provided with dividing means for dividing the light into reflected light and transmitted light whose planes of polarization are orthogonal to each other, varying means for varying the polarized state of at least one of the reflected light and the transmitted light to thereby make the planes of polarization of the two lights coincident with each other, and reflecting means for reflecting one of the reflected light and the transmitted light and directing it substantially in the same direction as the direction of travel of the other. The specification also discloses a polarizing conversion unit provided with such plate-like polarizing element, and a projector provided with such unit.

Abstract: An electron apparatus includes a rear substrate having an electron-emitting device, a front substrate irradiated with electrons, and a support member for maintaining the interval between these substrates. The distribution of the electric field is controlled, and a force acting in the direction away from the support member is applied to emitted electrons to prevent the electrons from striking the support member. At this time, the electrons are accelerated toward the front substrate. Since the degree of deflection by a deflection force on the rear substrate side is larger than the degree of deflection by a deflection force on the front substrate side, the deflection force on the rear substrate side is relatively weakened.

Abstract: In a projector, wherein the polarized states of a plurality of color lights illuminating image forming means differ from the polarized states of image lights projected onto a projection surface and the image lights of respective colors projected onto the projection surface have a common polarized state, means for varying the polarized state is disposed in the optical path of each of the color lights.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a support member (50) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An intermediate layer (52) is formed at apportion near the face plate (30). The intermediate layer (52) is a low-resistance film, and is set to have almost the same potential as that of the face plate (30). As a result, an electron beam from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (50) follows an orbit which steadily comes close to the support member near the face plate. By setting the interval between electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other via the support member to be larger than the interval between devices adjacent to each other without the mediacy of the support member, the electron beam is irradiated on a proper position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, a row wire and a column wire disposed on the substrate, and an electron-emitting element connected to both the row and column wires. The electron-emitting region of the electron-emitting element is surrounded by one of both the row and column wires.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus using an electron source which has matrix-wired electron-emitting devices connected with wiring electrodes of conductive material, and a fluorescent member as an image forming member with an accelerating electrode on its inner surface side, opposite to the electron-emitting devices. The wiring electrodes includes a wiring electrode where a semiconductive support member (spacer) is provided via a conductive connection member and a wiring electrode where the semiconductive support member is not provided. The height of the upper surface of the conductive connection member on which the semiconductive support member is provided and that of the upper surface of the wiring electrode where the semiconductive support member is not provided are the same, to prevent shift of electron-beam trajectories around the semiconductive support member, due to disturbance of electric-field distribution.

Abstract: In an image display apparatus including a multi-electron beam source having a plurality of electron-emitting devices (51) wired in a matrix using a plurality of column wiring layers and a plurality of row wiring layers, and a plurality of phosphors which are excited to emit light upon irradiation of electron beams, a delta arrangement of phosphors is realized with the simple arrangement of the multi-electron beam source. The column and row wiring layers are straight layers, the plurality of phosphors (R, G, and B) are arranged in a delta arrangement, and the multi-electron beam source is adjusted such that a plurality of electron beams emitted therefrom reach the phosphors. For this reason, the directions of electrons emitted from the devices on an odd ((2p-1)th) row and an even (2pth) row along orbits are reversed.