Abstract: An optical device includes a metal reflective layer substantially made of a metal material, a first light transmissive layer disposed on the metal reflective layer, an optical multilayer reflective film disposed on the first light transmissive layer and including a plurality of sublayers stacked on each other and having different refractive indexes, and a wavelength converting layer disposed on the optical multilayer reflective film and containing a fluorescent material capable of absorbing incident excitation light and generating fluorescent light having a lower energy. The wavelength converting layer is capable of generating mixed light containing the excitation light and the fluorescent light in response to irradiation with the excitation light.

Abstract: In this diamond-coated cemented carbide cutting tool, (1) an average particle size of WC particles is 0.5 to 0.9 ?m, (2) (Rz) being 0.5 to 1.0 ?m, a maximum distance between the concave and convex (?) is 0.5 to 1.5 ?m, a length (Ye) is 0.5 to 2.0 ?m, (3) a sum of areas of WC particles, which satisfies (L1) being 0.4 to 0.8 ?m, (L2) being 0.2 to 0.4 ?m, and (L1)/(L2) being 1.5 to 2.5, is 70 area % or more, (4) an average grain size of diamond crystals in a region of 0.5 to 1.5 ?m from the body interface is 0.1 to 0.3 ?m, and (5) columnar crystals satisfying at least one of: a ratio of crystals, which has a growth direction shifted in 10 degrees or less from the diamond film thickness direction, being 90% or more; or an orientation ratio of <110> being 30 to 70%.

Abstract: In this diamond-coated cemented carbide cutting tool, (1) an average particle size of WC particles is 0.5 to 0.9 ?m, (2) (Rz) being 0.5 to 1.0 ?m, a maximum distance between the concave and convex (?) is 0.5 to 1.5 ?m, a length (Ye) is 0.5 to 2.0 ?m, (3) a sum of areas of WC particles, which satisfies (L1) being 0.4 to 0.8 ?m, (L2) being 0.2 to 0.4 ?m, and (L1)/(L2) being 1.5 to 2.5, is 70 area % or more, (4) an average grain size of diamond crystals in a region of 0.5 to 1.5 ?m from the body interface is 0.1 to 0.3 ?m, and (5) columnar crystals satisfying at least one of: a ratio of crystals, which has a growth direction shifted in 10 degrees or less from the diamond film thickness direction, being 90% or more; or an orientation ratio of <110> being 30 to 70%.

Abstract: A cutting tool made of diamond-coated cemented carbide includes: a tool body made of tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide including: 3 to 15 mass % of Co; at least one of TaC and NbC of which a total amount is 0.1 to 3.0 mass %; and a balance including WC; and a diamond film coating the tool body, the tool body has a plurality of protrusions on a surface of the tool body, an upper portion of each of the protrusions is made of the at least one of TaC and NbC, and a lower portion of each of the protrusions is made of WC and Co, the lower portion being under the upper portion.

Abstract: A cutting tool made of diamond-coated cemented carbide includes: a tool body made of tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide including: 3 to 15 mass % of Co; at least one of TaC and NbC of which a total amount is 0.1 to 3.0 mass %; and a balance including WC; and a diamond film coating the tool body, the tool body has a plurality of protrusions on a surface of the tool body, an upper portion of each of the protrusions is made of the at least one of TaC and NbC, and a lower portion of each of the protrusions is made of WC and Co, the lower portion being under the upper portion.

Abstract: An assigning molecule obtained by ligating a genotype molecule to a phenotype molecule by transpeptidation, wherein the genotype molecule is constructed by bonding (a) a spacer molecule comprising a donor region which can be bonded to a 3?-terminal end of nucleic acid, a PEG region bonded to the donor region and a peptide acceptor region which is bonded to the PEG region, to (b) a 3? end of a nucleic acid comprising a 5? untranslated region comprising a transcription promoter and a translation enhancer; an ORF region which comprises a polyA sequence and which is bonded to the 3?-terminal side of the 5? untranslated region; and a 3?-terminal region that is bonded to the 3?-terminal side of the ORF region.

Abstract: A translation template comprising an ORF region coding for a protein, a 5? untranslated region comprising a transcription promoter and a translation enhancer and locating on the 5? side of the ORF region, and a 3? end region comprising a poly-A sequence and locating on the 3? side of the ORF region, is expressed in a translation system in the presence of an agent for modifying a C-terminal of a protein, which comprises an acceptor portion having a group capable of binding to a protein through a transpeptidation reaction in a protein translation system and a modifying portion comprising a nonradioactive modifying substance linked to the acceptor portion via a nucleotide linker, to cause protein synthesis and the synthesized protein is purified. Thus, the yield of modified protein in a method of modifying C-terminal of protein is improved and detection of protein interaction based on various intermolecular interaction detection methods is realized at an improved level.

Abstract: A method for screening a nucleic acid library for a nucleic acid encoding a protein that interacts with a target substance, which comprises: the step of producing a library of assigning molecules each comprising a protein and a nucleic acid encoding the protein linked to each other via a linker cleavable under a condition that does not change a nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid; the step of mixing the library of assigning molecules and the target substance; the step of separating an assigning molecule binding to the target substance; the step of cleaving a linker of the separated assigning molecule under a condition that does not change a nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid to release the nucleic acid; and the step of collecting the released nucleic acid. By this method, screening for an assigning molecule that specifically binds to a target substance can be conducted with high efficiency.

Abstract: A translation template comprising an ORF region coding for a protein, a 5? untranslated region comprising a transcription promoter and a translation enhancer and locating on the 5? side of the ORF region, and a 3? end region comprising a poly-A sequence and locating on the 3? side of the ORF region, is expressed in a translation system in the presence of an agent for modifying a C-terminal of a protein, which comprises an acceptor portion having a group capable of binding to a protein through a transpeptidation reaction in a protein translation system and a modifying portion comprising a nonradioactive modifying substance linked to the acceptor portion via a nucleotide linker, to cause protein synthesis and the synthesized protein is purified. Thus, the yield of modified protein in a method of modifying C-terminal of protein is improved and detection of protein interaction based on various intermolecular interaction detection methods is realized at an improved level.

Abstract: An assigning molecule obtained by ligating a genotype molecule to a phenotype molecule which is a protein encoded by the ORF region in the genotype molecule, by transpeptidation, the genotype molecule being constructed by bonding (a) a spacer molecule comprising a donor region which can be bonded to a 3′-terminal end of nucleic acid, a PEG region that is bonded to the donor region and comprises polyethylene glycol as a main component and a peptide acceptor region which is bonded to the PEG region and comprises a group which can be bonded to a peptide by transpeptidation, to (b) a 3′-terminal end of a coding molecule which is a nucleic acid comprising a 5′ untranslated region comrising a transcription promoter and a translation enhancer; an ORF region which is bonded to the 3′-terminal side of the 5′ untranslated region and encodes a protein; and a 3′-terminal region that is bonded to the 3′-terminal side of the ORF region and comprises a polyA sequence.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (I) which has an antiviral activity: wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom, C1-C6 alkyl group, or C7-C10 aralkyl group; R2 represents C1-C6 alkyl group, C7-C10 aralkyl group, or phenyl group; R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen atom, C1-C6 alkyl group, acyloxymethyl group, acylthioethyl group, or ethyl gorup substituted with at least one halogen atom; R5 represents hydrogen atom, C1-C4 alkyl gorup, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl group, C1-C4 alkyl group substituted with at least one halogen atom; and X represents carbon atom or nitrogen atom.

Abstract: A phosphonate nucleotide compound represented by formula (I): (wherein R1 is a C1-C6 alkyl group or the like, R2 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms or the like, R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms or the like, R4 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms and X is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom), a salt thereof, a hydrate thereof or a solvate thereof, as well as a medicament containing the same. It is useful as an antiviral agent for human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus or the like and as an antitumor agent.

Abstract: Phosphonate-nucleotide ester compounds of the formula (I) have excellent antiviral activity and antineoplastic activity. Further, they can be orally administered. ##STR1## wherein ring A represents ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 arylthio or amino; R.sup.3 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or ethyl having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.7 -C.sub.10 phenylalkoxy and C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 acyloxy; R.sup.4 represents ethyl having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.7 -C.sub.10 phenylalkoxy and C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 acyloxy; X, Y and Z independently represent methyne or nitrogen atom; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: A phosphonate nucleotide compound having antiviral activity and is useful for an orally available and highly safe antiviral agent, which is represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, a halogen-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, halogen, amino, or nitro; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 alkyl, an acyloxymethy, an acylthioethyl, or a halogen-substituted ethyl; R.sup.4 represents hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl, or a halogen-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; and X represents carbon or nitrogen.

Abstract: Provided hereinbelow is a process of extrusion-coating the central core, said core being used in a submarine coaxial cable, with an insulator of high pressure-processed polyethylene having a density of from 0.925 to 0.940 g/cm.sup.3 and a melt index of from 0.01 to 0.