Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a piezoelectric film in which a high sound pressure can be obtained in a case of, for example, being formed into a piezoelectric speaker, and a laminated piezoelectric element obtained by laminating the piezoelectric films. The object is achieved with a piezoelectric film including a piezoelectric layer which contains piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material, electrode layers which are provided on both surfaces of the piezoelectric layer, and protective layers which cover the electrode layers, in which, in a case where “ratio D of elastic recovery amount=(elastic recovery amount of piezoelectric layer/elastic recovery amount of protective layer)” is determined in an elastic recovery amount measured by a nanoindentation measurement, the ratio D of the elastic recovery amount satisfies “0.27?D?1.19”.

Abstract: In manufacturing of a magnetic recording medium by using an extrusion-type coating method of extruding a coating liquid from an end of a slit of a coating head and applying the coating liquid to a continuously-running flexible support while making the flexible support relatively approach the end of the coating head so as to apply a magnetic coating liquid obtained by dispersing magnetic particles in a solvent on the flexible support to form a magnetic-coating-liquid layer, the quality of the coating condition is evaluated in accordance with shearing energy E for unit volume of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer obtained by E = ? · L · V 4 · t 2 , where ? is viscosity (Pa·sec) of the magnetic coating liquid at shearing velocity of 105 sec?1, L is length (m) of a flexible support opposite face at downstream side of the slit at the end of the coating head, V is running velocity (m/sec) of the flexible support, and t is wet-coating thickness (m) of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer.

Abstract: In manufacturing of a magnetic recording medium by using an extrusion-type coating method of extruding a coating liquid from an end of a slit of a coating head and applying the coating liquid to a continuously-running flexible support while making the flexible support relatively approach the end of the coating head so as to apply a magnetic coating liquid obtained by dispersing magnetic particles in a solvent on the flexible support to form a magnetic-coating-liquid layer, the quality of the coating condition is evaluated in accordance with shearing energy E for unit volume of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer obtained by E = ? · L · V 4 · t 2 , where ? is viscosity (Pa·sec) of the magnetic coating liquid at shearing velocity of 105 sec?1, L is length (m) of a flexible support opposite face at downstream side of the slit at the end of the coating head, V is running velocity (m/sec) of the flexible support, and t is wet-coating thickness (m) of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer.

Abstract: In manufacturing of a magnetic recording medium by using an extrusion-type coating method of extruding a coating liquid from an end of a slit of a coating head and applying the coating liquid to a continuously-running flexible support while making the flexible support relatively approach the end of the coating head so as to apply a magnetic coating liquid obtained by dispersing magnetic particles in a solvent on the flexible support to form a magnetic-coating-liquid layer, the quality of the coating condition is evaluated in accordance with shearing energy E for unit volume of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer obtained by 1 E = μ · L · V 4 · t   ⁢ 2 ,

Abstract: In a case to coat a web by using coating heads which have plural slits, the coating method coats the web by adjusting a running speed, an average high shear viscosity, and a surface tension of the coating liquid of the top layer so that the capillary number Ca, which is calculated by an equation Ca═U&mgr;/&sgr;, satisfies an inequality 0.1<Ca<4, where U (m/s) is a running speed of the web, &mgr; (Pa·s) is an average high shear viscosity of the coating liquids, and &sgr; (N/m) is a surface tension of the coating liquid for the top layer.

Abstract: Thickness unevenness of a coating liquid layer in a width direction of a web is adjusted by moving a guide roller at the proximity of a coating rod so as to deliberately provide tension variation in the width direction of the web in purpose of forming the coating liquid layer with a desired thickness on the web by the coating rod.

Abstract: Thickness unevenness of a coating liquid layer in a width direction of a web is adjusted by moving a guide roller at the proximity of a coating rod so as to deliberately provide tension variation in the width direction of the web in purpose of forming the coating liquid layer with a desired thickness on the web by the coating rod.

Abstract: There is provided pump equipment for a coating apparatus, which has liquid supply accuracy capable of accommodating thinner coating film formed on a flexible substrate and more stringent thickness variation standard. In a coating apparatus for applying a coating liquid to a continuously running flexible substrate, pump equipment is constructed so that a positive displacement rotary type or positive displacement reciprocating type gear pump for supplying the coating liquid to a coating head of the coating apparatus is installed on a truck. The truck has a stiffness such that the maximum vertical warp is not larger than 0.3 mm in a state in which the pump equipment is disposed on the uneven ground.

Abstract: In a coating method, a precoating layer is applied to one surface of a web W laid between a plurality of web guide rollers GR while a leading end surface of an extrusion-type head portion EX is pressed against the one surface of the web. Accordingly, entrained air increasing as the transferring speed of the web becomes higher could be prevented from entering a coating point on a doctor edge surface near an outlet of a slot by the meniscus of coating liquid formed in a slight gap between the front edge surface of the extrusion-type head portion and the one surface of the web approaching there. As a result, the precoating layer having an excessive amount can be applied stably without turbulence at the coating point caused by the entrained air. Further, coating can be done stably in the rod portion by setting the thickness of the precoating layer for a final coating layer and a virtual coating layer.

Abstract: Thickness unevenness of a coating liquid layer in a width direction of a web is adjusted by moving a guide roller at the proximity of a coating rod so as to deliberately provide tension variation in the width direction of the web in purpose of forming the coating liquid layer with a desired thickness on the web by the coating rod.

Abstract: In a case to coat a web by using coating heads which have plural slits, the coating method coats the web by adjusting a running speed, an average high shear viscosity, and a surface tension of the coating liquid of the top layer so that the capillary number Ca, which is calculated by an equation Ca=U&mgr;/&sgr;, satisfies an inequality 0.1<Ca<4, where U (m/s) is a running speed of the web, &mgr; (Pa·s) is an average high shear viscosity of the coating liquids, and &sgr; (N/m) is a surface tension of the coating liquid for the top layer.

Abstract: In manufacturing of a magnetic recording medium by using an extrusion-type coating method of extruding a coating liquid from an end of a slit of a coating head and applying the coating liquid to a continuously-running flexible support while making the flexible support relatively approach the end of the coating head so as to apply a magnetic coating liquid obtained by dispersing magnetic particles in a solvent on the flexible support to form a magnetic-coating-liquid layer, the quality of the coating condition is evaluated in accordance with shearing energy E for unit volume of the magnetic-coating-liquid layer obtained by 1 E = µ · L · V 4 · t 2 ,

Abstract: Thickness unevenness of a coating liquid layer in a width direction of a web is adjusted by moving a guide roller at the proximity of a coating rod so as to deliberately provide tension variation in the width direction of the web in purpose of forming the coating liquid layer with a desired thickness on the web by the coating rod.

Abstract: In a case to coat a web by using coating heads which have plural slits, the coating method coats the web by adjusting a running speed, an average high shear viscosity, and a surface tension of the coating liquid of the top layer so that the capillary number Ca, which is calculated by an equation Ca=U&mgr;/&sgr;, satisfies an inequality 0.1<Ca<4, where U (m/s) is a running speed of the web, &mgr; (Pa·s) is an average high shear viscosity of the coating liquids, and &sgr; (N/m) is a surface tension of the coating liquid for the top layer.

Abstract: In a coating method, a precoating layer is applied to one surface of a web W laid between a plurality of web guide rollers GR while a leading end surface of an extrusion-type head portion EX is pressed against the one surface of the web. Accordingly, entrained air increasing as the transferring speed of the web becomes higher could be prevented from entering a coating point on a doctor edge surface near an outlet of a slot by the meniscus of coating liquid formed in a slight gap between the front edge surface of the extrusion-type head portion and the one surface of the web approaching there. As a result, the precoating layer having an excessive amount can be applied stably without turbulence at the coating point caused by the entrained air. Further, coating can be done stably in the rod portion by setting the thickness of the precoating layer for a final coating layer and a virtual coating layer.

Abstract: Thickness unevenness of a coating liquid layer in a width direction of a web is adjusted by moving a guide roller at the proximity of a coating rod so as to deliberately provide tension variation in the width direction of the web in purpose of forming the coating liquid layer with a desired thickness on the web by the coating rod.

Abstract: In a case to coat a web by using coating heads which have plural slits, the coating method coats the web by adjusting a running speed, an average high shear viscosity, and a surface tension of the coating liquid of the top layer so that the capillary number Ca, which is calculated by an equation Ca=U&mgr;/&sgr;, satisfies an inequality 0.1<Ca<4, where U (m/s) is a running speed of the web, &mgr; (Pa.s) is an average high shear viscosity of the coating liquids, and &sgr; (N/m) is a surface tension of the coating liquid for the top layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing dust from a base film effectively so that electrostatic charges of the base film are reduced while the cleaning effect is kept high. After a cleaning solvent is applied onto one surface of a base film by a precoater, a rod member is pressed against the base film while the cleaning solvent remains on the base film, so that deposits on the base film are separated and scraped together with the cleaning solvent from the base film by the rod member. Just after the deposits are scraped from the base member, a solvent, of the same kind as the cleaning solvent or a mixture of a solvent of the same kind as the cleaning solvent and an additive mixed thereto, is applied onto the base film while the surface of the base film coated with the cleaning solvent is not exposed to an atmospheric air space.