Abstract: An optical communications network in which one optical line terminal is connected to multiple optical network units and in which code division multiplexing communication is carried out between the optical line terminal and the optical network units. The optical intensities of upstream optical signals transmitted from each optical network unit are made constant at the time of multiplexing by an optical directional coupler, and the optical intensity of a downstream optical signal received by an optical network unit and an upstream optical signal received by the optical line terminal is contained within a dynamic range. Each optical network unit is provided with a variable optical attenuator that is common for an upstream optical signal and a downstream optical signal. The upstream optical signal and the downstream optical signal are attenuated by an equal attenuation. Moreover, the optical line terminal controls the attenuation at the variable optical attenuator.

Abstract: A clock regeneration circuit includes a half-bit delay device that outputs a half-bit delayed signal B of a multi-level input signal A, a one-bit delay device that outputs a one-bit delayed signal C of the signal A, an adder, an attenuator that forms an threshold signal, an XOR circuit, and a BPF that outputs a clock signal with a frequency corresponding to a bit rate of the XOR signal. The XOR signal is calculated as an XOR of a two-level input signal F, which is a logical zero when a level of the signal A is no more than a level of the threshold signal and otherwise is a logical one, and a two-level input signal G, which is a logical zero when a level of the signal B is no more than the level of the threshold signal and otherwise is a logical one.

Abstract: A code division multiplex transmitting and receiving apparatus has a transmitting apparatus with two coders per channel and terminal units with two matched filters each. One coder and one matched filter employ one spreading code; the other coder and the other matched filter employ another spreading code. The two coded signals output in parallel by the two coders are converted to a single serial signal before being multiplexed. The two matched filters sample alternate chips in the multiplexed signal. The two coders can be supplied with different data signals to double the transmission capacity, or with the same data signal to double the transmission distance. The outputs of the two matched filters are processed separately in the former case and are combined in the latter case.

Abstract: A clock regeneration circuit includes a half-bit delay device that outputs a half-bit delayed signal B of a multi-level input signal A, a one-bit delay device that outputs a one-bit delayed signal C of the signal A, an adder, an attenuator that forms an threshold signal, an XOR circuit, and a BPF that outputs a clock signal with a frequency corresponding to a bit rate of the XOR signal. The XOR signal is calculated as an XOR of a two-level input signal F, which is a logical zero when a level of the signal A is no more than a level of the threshold signal and otherwise is a logical one, and a two-level input signal G, which is a logical zero when a level of the signal B is no more than the level of the threshold signal and otherwise is a logical one.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus are provided which not only secure mechanical strength sufficiently but also bring a vast improvement in charge transport performance and which can well satisfy electrical properties. An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided an outermost surface layer of which contains at least a charge transporting compound having chain polymerizable functional groups which is represented by the following general formula (1-1) or (1-2); the charge transporting compound having been polymerized or cross-linked and cured. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such a photosensitive member.

Abstract: In 1 to N communication based on code division multiplexing, ranging is performed by following the first to ninth steps. First step: all the optical network units are set to standby status. Second step: first and second optical network units are set to transmission enable status. Third step: the phase shift amount is set for the variable phase shifters of the first and second optical network units. Fourth step: reception of a fixed signal is attempted in the optical line terminal. Fifth step: if the fixed signal is not received, processing returns to the second step, and if received, the phase amount of the variable phase shifter is defined and fixed. In the sixth to ninth steps, an operation the same as the first to fifth steps is performed for the third to N-th optical network units.

Abstract: In a communication network which performs transmission from a plurality of first communication devices to a single second communication device using a synchronous code division multiplexing technique, the phases of signals transmitted from the first communication devices are synchronized easily. The first communication devices control the transmission phase of spread modulated signals using phase control information received from the second communication device. A repeater generates a code division multiplexed signal by superposing the spread modulated signals transmitted respectively from the first transmission devices. The second transmission device demultiplexes the code division multiplexed signal received from the repeater, determines the optimum phase of the demultiplexed signals, and transmits the determined optimum phase to the first transmission devices as the phase control information.

Abstract: A transmission unit comprises an optical pulse train generation unit, first channel encoded optical pulse signal generation unit, second channel encoded optical pulse signal generation unit, third channel encoded optical pulse signal generation unit, and fourth channel encoded optical pulse signal generation unit; the second and fourth channels further comprise polarization controllers respectively. By means of these polarization controllers, a polarization control step is executed in which the planes of polarization of first encoded optical pulse signals of the second and fourth channels are rotated by 90°. By executing the polarization control step, the directions of the planes of polarization of the first decoded optical pulse signals of adjacent channels in the reception unit can be caused to be mutually orthogonal.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus are provided which not only secure mechanical strength sufficiently but also bring a vast improvement in charge transport performance and which can well satisfy electrical properties. An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided an outermost surface layer of which contains at least a charge transporting compound having chain polymerizable functional groups which is represented by the following general formula (1-1) or (1-2); the charge transporting compound having been polymerized or cross-linked and cured. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such a photosensitive member.

Abstract: A feature of a wavelength conversion device of this invention is the board range of selection of wavelengths which can be obtained by conversion. A wavelength conversion device of this invention comprises an SC light generation portion 12, which receives an excitation light pulse output from an excitation light pulse source and generates SC light, and an optical wavelength filter 14 which filters the SC light. An excitation light pulse source generates an excitation light pulse, of central wavelength ?S. When the excitation light pulse generated by the excitation light pulse source is incident on the SC medium, SC light having a flat spectral shape over the range from wavelength ?L to wavelength ?H (where ?L<?H) is generated. The optical wavelength filter has a characteristic such that the filtering transmitted central wavelengths are ?1, ?2, ?3, . . . , ?n (where n is a natural number). A further feature is that the following conditions (1) and (2-1), (2-2), . . .

Abstract: A feature of a wavelength conversion device of this invention is the board range of selection of wavelengths which can be obtained by conversion. A wavelength conversion device of this invention comprises an SC light generation portion 12, which receives an excitation light pulse output from an excitation light pulse source and generates SC light, and an optical wavelength filter 14 which filters the SC light. An excitation light pulse source generates an excitation light pulse, of central wavelength &lgr;S. When the excitation light pulse generated by the excitation light pulse source is incident on the SC medium, SC light having a flat spectral shape over the range from wavelength &lgr;L to wavelength &lgr;H (where &lgr;L<&lgr;H) is generated. The optical wavelength filter has a characteristic such that the filtering transmitted central wavelengths are &lgr;1, &lgr;2, &lgr;3, . . . , &lgr;n (where n is a natural number). A further feature is that the following conditions (1) and (2-1), (2-2), . . .

Abstract: So as to obtain a pin-form wire having a stable high-quality shape without being affected by the back tension in a bonding wire, a capillary of the bonding apparatus, with the formed pin-form wire inside the capillary, is move along a curved path has a shape of a bent wire to be formed after forming the pin-form wire by a wire bonding apparatus.

Abstract: There is provided a cathode which is easily operable, harmless, and stable at high temperature at least 1,400° C. as well as excellent in electron emission characteristics at the same time, and the process for preparing the same. The cathode of the present invention comprises a polycrystalline substance or a polycrystalline porous substance of high-melting point metal material and an emitter material dispersed into said polycrystalline substance or polycrystalline porous substance in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight in the cathode, wherein the emitter material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide and titanium oxide.

Abstract: There is provided a cathode which is easily operable, harmless, and stable at high temperature at least 1,400° C. as well as excellent in electron emission characteristics at the same time, and the process for preparing the same. The cathode of the present invention comprises a polycrystalline substance or a polycrystalline porous substance of high-melting point metal material and an emitter material dispersed into said polycrystalline substance or polycrystalline porous substance in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight in the cathode, wherein the emitter material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide and titanium oxide.

Abstract: There is provided a cathode which is easily operable, harmless, and stable at high temperature at least 1,400° C. as well as excellent in electron emission characteristics at the same time, and the process for preparing the same. The cathode of the present invention comprises a polycrystalline substance or a polycrystalline porous substance of high-melting point metal material and an emitter material dispersed into said polycrystalline substance or polycrystalline porous substance, wherein 0.1 to 30% by weight of at least one selected from the group consisting of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide and titanium oxide is dispersed in said emitter material.

Abstract: In a motor drive control, four MOSFETs are connected in an H-bridge configuration, and four diodes are connected in parallel with the MOSFETs, respectively. A pair of MOSFETs at the high side are forced to turn on to form a current circulation path including a direct current motor during a deenergization of the motor when a motor current is low. Thus, the energy in a motor coil is extinguished through the switching devices. The MOSFETs are forced to turn off to open the current circulation path during the deenergization of the motor when the motor current is high. Thus, the diodes are forward-biased to conduct and extinguish the energy in the motor coil through the diodes. According to this selective use of the switching devices or the diodes is effective to reduce a power loss over an entire range of motor currents.

Abstract: So as to obtain a stable high-quality shape without being affected by the back tension in a bonding wire, after forming a pin-form wire by a wire bonding apparatus, a capillary of the bonding apparatus, with the formed pin-form wire inside the capillary, is moved along a curved path that has a shape of a bent wire to be formed.

Abstract: A process for electrolytically treating a radioactive liquid waste includes electrolyzing a radioactive liquid waste containing sodium compounds using mercury as a cathode in an electrolytic cell, separating the liquid waste into an amalgam of metals, inclusive of sodium, and residue, separating the metals including the sodium from the amalgam, purifying and reutilizing the metals, and recycling the mercury in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A method for thermal decomposition treatment of a radioactive waste uses an apparatus comprising a container for holding molten matter of a radioactive waste containing a sodium compound, a pair of electrodes contacting the molten matter, and a power source for applying voltage between the electrodes while changing the polarity thereof every several tens of seconds. In this apparatus, the molten matter can be heated in the container by Joule heat, which is evolved by electric current directly flowed through the molten matter, so that the sodium compound contained in the radioactive waste can be decomposed, vaporized and removed to recover a stabilized radioactive solid as a residue in the container.

Abstract: A nitrate solution which is a substance to be treated is heated and denitrated using microwaves, by introducing the substance directly into a cylindrical oven to which microwaves are applied, horizontally rotating the oven about a vertical axis, detecting the amount of reflected waves of the applied microwaves with time to observe the heating condition of the substance, and controlling microwave power to be applied according to the detected amount of the reflected waves and the change in the amount of reflected waves with time. The cylindrical oven preferably has a construction capable of being separated into a stationary upper part and a horizontally rotatable lower part constituting a closed-bottom vessel. These two parts are combined through a choke coupling mechanism to form the oven. According to the detected values of the reflected waves, the precise control of the microwave power applied to the substance to be treated can be conducted at a suitable time.