Abstract: In a case where a detector is positioned in a [11-20] direction, and where a first measurement region including a center of a main surface is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±15° relative to a [?1-120] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a first intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. In a case where the detector is positioned in a direction parallel to a [?1100] direction, and where the first measurement region is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±6° relative to a [1-100] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a second intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. An absolute value of a difference between maximum value and minimum value of energy at which the first intensity profile indicates a maximum value is less than or equal to 0.06 keV.

Abstract: In a case where a detector is positioned in a [11-20] direction, and where a first measurement region including a center of a main surface is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±15° relative to a [?1-120] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a first intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. In a case where the detector is positioned in a direction parallel to a [?1100] direction, and where the first measurement region is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±6° relative to a [1-100] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a second intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. An absolute value of a difference between maximum value and minimum value of energy at which the first intensity profile indicates a maximum value is less than or equal to 0.06 keV.

Abstract: In a case where a detector is positioned in a [11-20] direction, and where a first measurement region including a center of a main surface is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±15° relative to a [?1-120] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a first intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. In a case where the detector is positioned in a direction parallel to a [?1100] direction, and where the first measurement region is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±6° relative to a [1-100] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a second intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. An absolute value of a difference between maximum value and minimum value of energy at which the first intensity profile indicates a maximum value is less than or equal to 0.06 keV.

Abstract: In a case where a detector is positioned in a [11-20] direction, and where a first measurement region including a center of a main surface is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±15° relative to a [?1-120] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a first intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. In a case where the detector is positioned in a direction parallel to a [?1100] direction, and where the first measurement region is irradiated with an X ray in a direction within ±6° relative to a [1-100] direction, a ratio of a maximum intensity of a second intensity profile is more than or equal to 1500. An absolute value of a difference between maximum value and minimum value of energy at which the first intensity profile indicates a maximum value is less than or equal to 0.06 keV.

Abstract: A seal structure capable of achieving a waterproof structure at low cost while being flexibly adaptable to design change of a wire member, a method of forming the seal structure, a wire body and an electronic apparatus using them are provided. A seal structure 15 for sealing through holes 33, 43 of housings 31, 41 in which a wire member 20 is inserted is configured to include a covering C that includes a spacer member 11 disposed on one side of the through hole, secures the spacer member 11, the wire member 20 and the housings 31, 41 to each other and seals them.

Abstract: A processing method of forming a through-hole in a workpiece by means of a pulsed laser beam includes the steps of providing a removable sacrifice layer on the workpiece, forming a through-hole in the workpiece by the laser beam in a state where the sacrifice layer is provided, and removing the sacrifice layer from the workpiece after the step of forming the through-hole.

Abstract: A processing method of forming a through-hole in a workpiece by means of a pulsed laser beam includes the steps of providing a removable sacrifice layer on the workpiece, forming a through-hole in the workpiece by the laser beam in a state where the sacrifice layer is provided, and removing the sacrifice layer from the workpiece after the step of forming the through-hole.

Abstract: A light guide plate has a substantially flat shape and used as a backlight for an electronic appliance. The light guide plate introduces thereinto illuminating light emitted from a light source through part of a side surface thereof and directs the illuminating light out of the light guide plate through light emitting parts formed in a main surface of the light guide plate, in which a light-receiving surface for the illuminating light on the side surface is inclined relative to a plane perpendicular to the main surface. Thus, illuminating light is refracted, enters the light guide plate, and propagates in the light guide plate while undergoing total internal reflection. Light can be effectively directed out of the light guide plate through the light emitting parts.

Abstract: A seal structure capable of achieving a waterproof structure at low cost while being flexibly adaptable to design change of a wire member, a method of forming the seal structure, a wire body and an electronic apparatus using them are provided. A seal structure 15 for sealing through holes 33, 43 of housings 31, 41 in which a wire member 20 is inserted is configured to include a covering C that includes a spacer member 11 disposed on one side of the through hole, secures the spacer member 11, the wire member 20 and the housings 31, 41 to each other and seals them.

Abstract: In order to easily control the laser pulse width and perform high-precision processing, the method for processing a material by laser ablation according to the present invention is characterized in that the material having a region of which a double logarithmic chart shows a linearly-shaped line with a gradient of not more than 0.5, when a relationship between laser pulse width and ablation threshold is represented in the logarithmic chart with a laser pulse width in picosecond plotted along the horizontal axis and an ablation threshold in J/cm2 plotted along the vertical axis, is processed by the pulsed laser beam having the laser pulse width within the region.

Abstract: A processing method of forming a through-hole in a workpiece by means of a pulsed laser beam includes the steps of providing a removable sacrifice layer on the workpiece, forming a through-hole in the workpiece by the laser beam in a state where the sacrifice layer is provided, and removing the sacrifice layer from the workpiece after the step of forming the through-hole.

Abstract: A microhole-formed stretched porous polytetrafluoroethylene material, in which a microhole having a hole diameter greater than an average pore diameter of a stretched porous polytetrafluoroethylene material is formed in the stretched porous polytetrafluoroethylene material by irradiation of a pulse laser beam having a pulse length of at most 10 picoseconds, and the microporous structure of the wall surface of the microhole is substantially retained without being destroyed, a production process thereof, and an abrasion working process.

Abstract: A multiple stage automatic transmission includes a main transmission mechanism, a sub-transmission mechanism connected with the main transmission mechanism to for introduction of a torque therefrom, and a frictional element connected with the sub-transmission. The engaging force of the frictional element is changed at least by two steps in accordance with a shift mode without changing a hydraulic pressure applied for actuating the frictional element. A shift shock, therefore, can be obviated.

Abstract: In a control system for an automatic transmission, when successive order signals are emitted so that shift changes are accomplished over multiple shift stages, a shift change ordered by an initial order signal is carried out before a shift change ordered by a last order signal is carried out if a shift gear mechanism has already started its operation. However, a shift change ordered by a last order signal is carried out, without shift changes ordered by an initial order signal and intermediate order signals being carried out, if the shift gear mechanism has not started its operation.

Abstract: An automatic transmission includes a first transmission mechanism having a first shaft connectable to an output shaft of an engine, a second transmission mechanism associated with the first transmission mechanism, and having a second shaft in parallel with the first shaft, the second transmission mechanism being adapted for changing the torque speed of the first shaft, a hydraulic housing for accommodating a hydraulic control device for the second transmission mechanism, the second hydraulic housing being arranged above the second transmission mechanism, and an axis of the second shaft being positioned on either the same horizontal plane as an axis of the first shaft or a horizontal plane above the axis of the first shaft.

Abstract: A hydraulic control system for controlling an automatic transmission includes a regulating valve which reduces a line pressure in accordance with a control pressure, provided in accordance with vehicle driving conditions, to provide a coupling pressure for coupling a specific one of frictional coupling elements of the automatic transmission. The regulating valve is enabled to provide the coupling pressure independently from the control pressure when a coupling pressure for another frictional coupling element higher than a specified level.

Abstract: A particular shift control system is provided for an automatic transmission having a primary transmission, changeable to at least three primary gear ratios, and a secondary transmission, changeable to at least two secondary gear ratios. The primary and secondary transmissions combine to shift the automatic transmission to a plurality of forward speeds. The control system monitors the progression of change in the primary transmission gear ratio. In a specific automotive drive condition, the primary transmission changes from one primary gear ratio to another primary gear ratio via an intermediate primary gear ratio between the two primary gear ratios. This produces an increase or decrease in a primary gear ratio. At the same time, the secondary transmission decreases or increases, respectively, a secondary gear ratio so as to shift the automatic transmission from one forward speed to another, skipping an intermediate speed between the two forward speeds.

Abstract: The control system for an automatic transmission shifts the main transmission simultaneously with the auxiliary transmission at the time of a particular shift. At this time, a target gear ratio progress value of the auxiliary transmission is set for a gear ratio progress value indicative of a shift progress state of the main transmission. The main transmission is arranged so as to finish the shift control within a given target period of time, and the auxiliary transmission is arranged to implement the shift control by the feedback control so as to follow the target gear ratio progress value. The shift control of the auxiliary transmission is corrected by the learning control on the basis of a deviation between the target gear ratio progress value and the actual gear ratio progress value.

Abstract: A control system for an automatic transmission including a main transmission and a subtransmission whose shift operation is carried out by hydraulically. The control system comprises a first device for adjusting a gear ratio advance of the main transmission, the gear ratio advance corresponding to a gear ratio change during the shift operation, a second device for adjusting a gear ratio advance of the subtransmission, the gear ratio advance corresponding to a gear ratio change during the shift operation, and a device for controlling the frist adjusting device and the second adjusting device during concurrent shift operations of the main transmission and the subtransmission so that the gear ratio advances of the main transmission and the subtransmission become equal to respective predetermined target gear ratio advances.

Abstract: A hydraulic control system shifts an automatic transmission into at least a reverse range and a drive range having several forward speed gears by selectively coupling a plurality of frictional coupling elements, including a reverse coupling element. The control system includes a throttle, such as an orifice, for regulating hydraulic pressure applied to the reverse coupling element. A bypass circuit is provided in the control system for applying the hydraulic pressure, bypassing the throttle, to the reverse coupling element. The bypass circuit is opened when a specific operating condition of the automatic transmission of an engine is created, so as to apply the hydraulic pressure through the bypass circuit to the reverse coupling element to rapidly achieve a coupling of the reverse coupling element.