Abstract: Technology described herein resolves a structure that is finer than the period of a periodic structure of a grating. A radiation source is configured to irradiate radiation towards a grating section. A G1 grating has a G1 periodic structure that forms concentrated sections where the intensity of the radiation is concentrated, between the G1 grating and a detector. The detector detects radiation that has passed through the grating section as a moiré image. A sample translation section translates the sample in a direction along the periodic direction of the G1 periodic structure of the G1 grating, so as to pass the sample through the concentrated sections.

Abstract: An internal composite layer for a multilayer circuit board, which is composed of an electrically insulating substrate with a copper layer formed thereon and a film of a coupling agent covering the copper layer is fabricated in accordance with the following method. That is, the copper layer is treated with a base or the base and an accelerating agent to supply hydroxyl groups to a surface thereof. Subsequently, thus treated copper layer is coated with the coupling agent, e.g., a silane coupling agent. The coupling agent is chemically bonded to the treated copper layer by the reaction of the hydroxyl groups with the coupling agent, so that an adhesion strength between the copper layer and the coupling agent is remarkably increased. In addition, since it is not necessary for forming a copper oxide layer in the surface of the copper layer, the internal composite layer shows excellent acid resistance without causing a pink-ring which usually occur around a through-hole plating.

Abstract: An electric metal foil-plated laminate sheet which is obtained by laminating a cured layer of a thermosetting resin composition with electroconductive foils, said thermosetting resin composition comprising 30-85% by weight of (A) a rubber-modified vinyl ester obtained by reacting,(a) an epoxy resin,(b) a carboxyl group containing rubbery polymer derived from a conjugated diene, and(c) at least one unsaturated monocarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid to react one another in amounts such that, based on 100 parts by weight of (a) the epoxy resin, (b) the carboxyl group containing rubbery polymer accounts for a proportion in the range of 5 to 80 parts by weight and that the total number of carboxylic group contained in (b) the rubbery polymer and (c) the unsaturated monocarboxylic acid falls in the range of 1.3 to 1.5 per each of the epoxy groups contained in (a) the epoxy resin at a temperature of 90.degree. to 120.degree. C.

Abstract: A flame-retardant phenolic resin which comprises the product obtained on(a) reacting at least one halogenated compound represented by the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein A is --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --O--CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, X is a chlorine atom or a bromine atom, and n is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, with at least one phenol in the presence of an acidic catalyst; and(b) reacting the resulting reaction product with at least one phosphoric acid ester compound containing a phenolic OH group represented by the general formula (II), (III) or (IV). ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 each represents an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group, where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be the same or different, and n is 1, 2 or 3, and at least one aldehyde or a precursor thereof in the presence of an acidic or alkali catalyst; and a process for producing the flame-retardant phenolic resin.