Abstract: In a valve timing control apparatus for an internal combustion engine to control a rotation phase of a camshaft relative to a crankshaft so that opening and closing timing of intake and exhaust valves is variably controlled, a feedback correction amount of the rotation phase is calculated by a sliding mode control using a switching function obtained by adding a deviation between a target value and an actual value to a differential value of the deviation, to thereby feedback control using the feedback correction amount. According to this constitution, a control can be executed with high robust and with low influence due to disturbances.

Abstract: A plurality of control object models set with different waste times, respectively, are provided, and each of the control object models is identified to compute a predicted output using the identified control object models. The predicted output and an actual output detected are compared with each other, to select the control object model in which a difference therebetween becomes minimum as a final control object model. Then, an input to the control object is feedback controlled, while estimating an output after the lapse of waste time using the selected control object model to compare the predicted output with the output detection value.

Abstract: In a sliding mode control for restraining an air-fuel ratio state on a switching line set on a phase plane shown by a deviation between an actual air-fuel ratio and a target air fuel ratio, and a differential value of the deviation, an inclination of the switching line is made small, when the smaller an intake air quantity is, the longer a detection delay time of the air-fuel ratio is.

Abstract: In an air-fuel ratio feedback control of an internal combustion engine aimed to approximate an air-fuel ratio to a target air-fuel ratio set according to operating conditions of the engine, the feedback control is carried out using the feedback control amount which is computed according to a sliding mode control, having a deviation between the target air-fuel ratio and the detected air-fuel ratio detected by the air-fuel ratio sensor set as a switching function. According to the present invention, a simple air-fuel ratio feedback control is carried out according to an accurate sliding mode control with no dispersion for each engine, that is easy to design, and that can be applied generally to any kind of vehicle or engine.

Abstract: In a valve timing control apparatus for an internal combustion engine using an oil pressure control, a feedback correction amount is calculated so as to have a linear term proportional to a deviation between a target value and an actual value of the valve timing control apparatus, and a non-linear term using a switching function by a sliding mode control. Further, a dither control is added to the feedback correction amount and a learning is performed for a basic control amount and a control gain. Therefore, a control can be executed with high robust, high accuracy and quick response.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus in an internal combustion engine is feedback controlled by a sliding mode control and an abnormality of the sliding mode control is diagnosed. During a slight abnormality other than a crucial abnormality which makes the feedback control impossible, the system is feedback controlled to converge to a target value using only a non-linear term calculated by the sliding mode control.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio detected by an air-fuel ratio sensor is estimated based on an estimation value of air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture formed inside a cylinder, and based on an air-fuel ratio estimated as being detected by this air-fuel ratio sensor and the air-fuel ratio detected based on an output signal of the air-fuel ratio sensor, the estimation value of the cylinder air-fuel ratio is corrected and a fuel injection quantity is corrected based on the corrected cylinder air-fuel ratio.

Abstract: In a sliding mode control for restraining an air-fuel ratio state on a switching line set on a phase plane shown by a deviation between an actual air-fuel ratio and a target air fuel ratio, and a differential value of the deviation, an inclination of the switching line is made small, when the smaller an intake air quantity is, the longer a detection delay time of the air-fuel ratio is.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus in an internal combustion engine is feedback controlled by a sliding mode control and an abnormality of the sliding mode control is diagnosed. During a slight abnormality other than a crucial abnormality which makes the feedback control impossible, the system is feedback controlled to converge to a target value using only a non-linear term calculated by the sliding mode control.

Abstract: Optically heterogeneous display elements utilize fused pigment particles, which may be manufactured with polymer shells having desired charge, photoresponse, or density characteristics. The particles may be microencapsulated prior to formation of the display element, so that the element is formed internally within the container in which it is permanently housed. The element may function as a bichromal display, a light valve, or a programmable magnetic element.

Abstract: An alloy sheet having a pierced hole face and providing a desirable etching performance, comprising {331}, {210}, and {211} planes on the surface; the gathering degree of the {311} plane being 14% or less, the gathering degree of the {210} plane being 14% or less, and the gathering degree of the {211} plane being 14% or less; and the ratio of the gathering degrees expressed by the equation {210}/({331}+{211}) being 0.2 to 1. An alloy sheet having a pierced hole face providing a desirable etching performance, comprising planes of {111}, {100}, {110}, {311}, {331}, {210} and {211}; the gathering degree of the {111} plane, S.sub.1, being 1 to 10%, the gathering degree of the {100} plane, S.sub.2, being 50 to 94%, the gathering degree of the {110} plane, S.sub.3, being 1 to 24%, the gathering degree of the {311} plane, S.sub.4, being 1 to 14%, the gathering degree of the {331} plane, S.sub.5, being 1 to 14%, the gathering degree of the {210} plane, S.sub.

Abstract: The metallic sheet for shadow mask comprises a Fe-Ni alloy sheet having mainly of Fe and Ni; degrees of planes on a surface of the alloy sheet, the degree of {331} plane being 14% or less, the degree of {210} plane 10% or less and the degree of {211} plane 10% or less; and a ratio of degrees of planes which is {210}/[{331}+{211}] being 0.2 to 1.Another thin metallic sheet for shadow mask comprises a Fe-Ni alloy sheet having mainly of Fe and Ni; degrees of planes on a surface of the alloy sheet, that of {111} plane being 5% or less, that of {100} plane 50 to 93%, that of {110} 24% or less, that of {311} plane 1 to 10%, that of {331} 1 to 14%, that of {210} plane 1 to 10% and that of {211} plane 1 to 10%; a ratio of degrees of planes which is [{100}+{311}+{210}]/[{110}+{111}+{331}+{211}] being 0.8 to 20.