Abstract: A soft X-ray lithographic system for making a reduced copy of a pattern is described. The system contains a source of soft X-rays, a spherical concave reflector which convergently projects the soft X-rays from the emitting means through a pattern to be copied and a Fresnel zone plate which focuses and reduces the beam of soft X-rays convergently projected through the pattern.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a diamond color comprises a light source composed of a lamp and an integrating sphere for diffusing light therein emitted from the lamp; a diamond holder including diamond supporting head means and suction base means, thereby positioning the table facet of the diamond in the integrating sphere for allowing the diffused light from the light source to fall on the table facet of the diamond; a monochromator for separating a beam of light as it emerges from the diamond through the table facet side into a spectrum; a photodetector for detecting the light from the monochromator; variable slit means disposed in at least one of the monochromator and the photodetector for adjusting the size of the beam of light to a diameter of the diamond; a measurement unit for controlling at least the monochromator to obtain a spectrum of the light which has passed through the diamond; and an arithmetic unit for deriving tristimulus values X, Y and Z from the spectrum of the light from the diamond; which

Abstract: Densitometer for quantitative determination of the content of a sample spot on a TLC plate or the like, wherein dualwavelength zigzag scanning is conducted on the spot. Light reflected and transmitted by the sample is received by photometers, and compensation based on Kubelka-Munk's theoretical equations is made on the photometer output so that the output is substantially proportional to the quantity of the substance in the spot being scanned.