Abstract: A holding member contains ceramic as a main component and holds a target object. The holding member has a holding surface as a surface on a side on which the target object is held. A surface as at least a portion of the holding surface is formed from first ceramic crystal grains. An inner portion of the holding member relative to the holding surface is formed from second ceramic crystal grains. A first grain diameter as a grain diameter of the first ceramic crystal grains is smaller than a second grain diameter as a grain diameter of the second ceramic crystal grains.

Abstract: A holding member contains alpha-type alumina as a main component and is configured to hold a target object. The holding member has a holding surface that is a surface on which the target object is to be held. The holding surface has a projection and a recess formed thereon and therein. A proportion of gamma-type alumina contained in a bottom surface that defines a bottom portion of the recess is less than 5%.

Abstract: A holding member contains alpha-type alumina as a main component and is configured to hold a target object. The holding member has a holding surface that is a surface on which the target object is to be held. The holding surface has a projection and a recess formed thereon and therein. A bottom surface that defines a bottom portion of the recess contains gamma-type alumina.

Abstract: This holding device comprises: the first plate member having the first surface and a second surface; a disk-shaped second plate-shaped member which has a diameter larger than that of the first surface and has a third surface, a fourth surface, and a heating resistor, a first joining layer which is disposed between the second surface and the third surface and is for joining the first plate member and the second plate member, a base member having a fifth surface and a sixth surface; and a second joining layer which is disposed between the fourth surface and the fifth surface and is for joining the second plate member and the base member. The outer circumference of at least one of the first junction layer and the second junction layer is located so as to be withdrawn more toward the inner side than the outer circumference of the second plate member.

Abstract: A retention device includes one of (A) to (C). (A): Fillers in a joining layer are in contact with a retention member or a base member. (B): First and second ratios are areas of fillers in first and second ranges of 1 ?m or less from interfaces with the retention member and the base member to areas of the first and second ranges, respectively, and a third ratio is an area of fillers in a third range of 30% or less in a thickness direction on either side of a center of the joining layer to the area of the third range, and dividing the first or second ratio by the third ratio is 0.5 or greater. (C): A number of the fillers having an aspect ratio of 1.4 or greater is larger than a number of the fillers having an aspect ratio of less than 1.4.

Abstract: A holding device that holds an object on a first surface of a first portion of a plate-shaped member includes a heater pattern formed on a ceramic green sheet and a cover layer covering the heater pattern. A second portion of the plate-shaped member and a heater electrode are manufactured by firing a layered body constituted by a plurality of ceramic green sheets. A second joining portion joins the second portion and a base member. A temperature distribution of a second surface of the second portion is measured while cooling with a cooling mechanism of the base member and supplying power to the heater electrode. Based on a result of the measurement, an electrical resistance of the heater electrode is adjusted by removing a portion of the heater electrode together with the cover layer. A first joining portion joins the second portion and the first portion of the plate-shaped member.

Abstract: An abnormality detection device includes: an intake pressure sensor configured to detect an intake pressure of an internal combustion engine; an opening sensor configured to detect a throttle opening of the internal combustion engine; and a determination unit configured to determine, based on detection results of the intake pressure sensor and the opening sensor, whether the intake pressure sensor is abnormal. The determination unit determines, based on a result of intake pressure comparison between different throttle openings, whether the intake pressure sensor is abnormal.

Abstract: An engine start control device is provided with: a starter relay that is provided between a battery and a starter motor; a start abnormality determining means that determines the occurrence of start abnormality of an engine; and a start control means, which turns on the starter relay, and starts supplying power from the battery to the starter motor in the cases where a start instruction signal is inputted from a start switch, and which turns off the starter relay in the cases where the start abnormality determining means determined the occurrence of start abnormality of the engine.

Abstract: An abnormality detection device includes: an intake pressure sensor configured to detect an intake pressure of an internal combustion engine; an opening sensor configured to detect a throttle opening of the internal combustion engine; and a determination unit configured to determine, based on detection results of the intake pressure sensor and the opening sensor, whether the intake pressure sensor is abnormal. The determination unit determines, based on a result of intake pressure comparison between different throttle openings, whether the intake pressure sensor is abnormal.

Abstract: A holding device that holds an object on a first surface of a first portion of a plate-shaped member includes a heater pattern formed on a ceramic green sheet and a cover layer covering the heater pattern. A second portion of the plate-shaped member and a heater electrode are manufactured by firing a layered body constituted by a plurality of ceramic green sheets. A second joining portion joins the second portion and a base member. A temperature distribution of a second surface of the second portion is measured while cooling with a cooling mechanism of the base member and supplying power to the heater electrode. Based on a result of the measurement, an electrical resistance of the heater electrode is adjusted by removing a portion of the heater electrode together with the cover layer. A first joining portion joins the second portion and the first portion of the plate-shaped member.

Abstract: An engine start control device is provided with: a starter relay that is provided between a battery and a starter motor; a start abnormality determining means that determines the occurrence of start abnormality of an engine; and a start control means, which turns on the starter relay, and starts supplying power from the battery to the starter motor in the cases where a start instruction signal is inputted from a start switch, and which turns off the starter relay in the cases where the start abnormality determining means determined the occurrence of start abnormality of the engine.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a pair of interconnectors (ICs); a cell main body provided between the ICs and including an electrolyte, a cathode and an anode formed on respective surfaces of the electrolyte; and a current collection member provided between at least one of the cathode and the anode and the IC for electrically connecting the cathode and/or the anode and the IC. The current collection member has a connector abutment portion which abuts the IC, a cell main body abutment portion abutting the cell main body, and a connection portion connecting the connector abutment portion and the cell main body abutment portion, the portions being continuously formed. Between the cell main body and the IC, a spacer is provided so as to separate the connector abutment portion and the cell main body abutment portion.

Abstract: The fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack in which a plurality of planar power generation cells are stacked in a thickness direction thereof. The fuel cell also includes a heat exchanger provided between the two adjacent power generation cells in the stacking direction and in contact with the power generation cells, and including an internal first flow path that passes the oxidant gas or fuel gas supplied from outside. The fuel cell also includes a second flow path connected to an outlet side of the first flow path of the heat exchanger and to the cathode side or the anode side of each of the power generation cells, and supplying the oxidant gas or fuel gas that has passed through the first flow path to the cathode side or anode side of each of the power generation cells on both sides in the stacking direction of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: When start control is initiated, the start control device operates in a first operating mode in which an upper limit value of an engine speed is limited to a first upper limit value (NErev1) that is lower than an upper limit value (NErev0) in a non-start control. When an elapsed period of time after a throttle opening has exceeded a predetermined opening in the first operating mode reaches a predetermined standby time, the start control device operates in a second operating mode in which the upper limit value of the engine speed is limited to a second upper limit value (NErev2) that is lower than the first upper limit value. The start control device transitions to an ordinary mode to thereby terminate the start control when a period of time of the second operating mode reaches a predetermined control period of time or a forced cancellation condition holds.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a main body which is formed by stacking a cathode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an anode layer, in which the surface of one of the cathode and anode layers serves as a first main surface, and the surface of the other layer serves as a second main surface; a first current collector in contact with the first main surface; and a second current collector in contact with the second main surface. As viewed in a thickness direction, at least a portion of the boundary of a second region of the second current collector corresponding to the second main surface is located within a first region of the first current collector corresponding to the first main surface, and the remaining portion is located within the first region or on the boundary of the first region.

Abstract: A fuel battery cell includes, between a pair of upper and lower interconnectors, a gas sealing part in an air-electrode side, a separator, a fuel electrode frame, and a gas sealing part in a fuel-electrode side. The gas sealing part includes a first gas flowing path penetrating therethrough in a stacking direction of the fuel battery cell to constitute a part of gas flowing paths, and a second gas flowing path extending along a plane direction of the gas sealing part. In the gas sealing part, the first and second gas flowing paths do not communicate with each other. A third gas flowing path is formed in a member stacked on at least one of both sides of the gas sealing part in a thickness direction of the gas sealing part. Through the third gas flowing path, the first and second gas flowing paths communicate with each other.

Abstract: A fuel injection control system includes an engine speed detector, a throttle opening degree detector, a fuel injection device, a fuel injection controller, a fuel injection number determining device, and a fuel injection mode setting device. The engine speed detector is configured to detect an engine speed (NE). The throttle opening degree detector is configured to detect a throttle opening degree (TH). The fuel injection device is configured to inject fuel. The fuel injection controller is configured to calculate, based on an injection amount map, a fuel injection amount of the fuel to be injected from the fuel injection device and is configured to control the fuel injection device to inject the fuel according to the calculated fuel injection amount.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a main body which is formed by stacking a cathode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an anode layer, in which the surface of one of the cathode and anode layers serves as a first main surface, and the surface of the other layer serves as a second main surface; a first current collector in contact with the first main surface; and a second current collector in contact with the second main surface. As viewed in a thickness direction, at least a portion of the boundary of a second region of the second current collector corresponding to the second main surface is located within a first region of the first current collector corresponding to the first main surface, and the remaining portion is located within the first region or on the boundary of the first region.

Abstract: The fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack in which a plurality of planar power generation cells are stacked in a thickness direction thereof. The fuel cell also includes a heat exchanger provided between the two adjacent power generation cells in the stacking direction and in contact with the power generation cells, and including an internal first flow path that passes the oxidant gas or fuel gas supplied from outside. The fuel cell also includes a second flow path connected to an outlet side of the first flow path of the heat exchanger and to the cathode side or the anode side of each of the power generation cells, and supplying the oxidant gas or fuel gas that has passed through the first flow path to the cathode side or anode side of each of the power generation cells on both sides in the stacking direction of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A fuel injection control system includes an engine speed detector, a throttle opening degree detector, a fuel injection device, a fuel injection controller, a fuel injection number determining device, and a fuel injection mode setting device. The engine speed detector is configured to detect an engine speed (NE). The throttle opening degree detector is configured to detect a throttle opening degree (TH). The fuel injection device is configured to inject fuel. The fuel injection controller is configured to calculate, based on an injection amount map, a fuel injection amount of the fuel to be injected from the fuel injection device and is configured to control the fuel injection device to inject the fuel according to the calculated fuel injection amount.