Abstract: A battery pack may include battery cells, each of which may have a pair of first surface portions facing each other in a first direction and have a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate stacked so as to be arranged in the first direction, an outer shell portion that houses the stacked battery cells, elastic structures, each of which may be provided between the battery cells adjacent to each other in the first direction, and a plurality of frames that may fix the battery cells to the outer shell portion. The elastic structures may be disposed so as to cover the central portions of the first surface portions and the frames may be disposed so as to cover an outer circumference portions of the first surface portions.

Abstract: A valve control device controls an opening degree of a valve provided in an intake passage, an exhaust passage, or a passage connected one of these and includes an observed value acquisition unit, an inlet temperature acquisition unit, a target calculation unit, an equilibrium opening degree calculation unit, an observer, a correction opening degree calculation unit, an instruction opening degree calculation unit, and an output unit. The target calculation unit calculates an equilibrium state value and a target property value. The correction opening degree calculation unit calculates a correction opening degree by multiplying a gain matrix by a deviation vector including, a deviation between the equilibrium state value and the estimated state value and an integrated value of a deviation between the target property value and the estimated property value.

Abstract: A valve control device controls an opening degree of a valve provided in an intake passage, an exhaust passage, or a passage connected one of these and includes an observed value acquisition unit, an inlet temperature acquisition unit, a target calculation unit, an equilibrium opening degree calculation unit, an observer, a correction opening degree calculation unit, an instruction opening degree calculation unit, and an output unit. The target calculation unit calculates an equilibrium state value and a target property value. The correction opening degree calculation unit calculates a correction opening degree by multiplying a gain matrix by a deviation vector including, a deviation between the equilibrium state value and the estimated state value and an integrated value of a deviation between the target property value and the estimated property value.

Abstract: A common rail type fuel injection system provided in an engine with a plurality of cylinders, configured to inject high-pressure fuel stored in a common rail from injectors provided on each of the cylinders under fuel injection control performed by a control unit, and comprising: a plurality of communication lines each of which connects the control unit to a one of the injectors, wherein each of the injectors includes a storage unit configured to store correction information set according to injection characteristics, and a communication unit configured to send the correction information stored in the storage unit to the control unit via a one of the communication lines.