Abstract: A dimming device includes a pair of transparent substrates and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of transparent substrates. The liquid crystal layer includes a vertical alignment agent, and the dimming device has a drive voltage of 25 V or less for providing a haze of 80% or more.

Abstract: An optical-diffusion film for display which, particularly when applied to a display device using a collimated backlight as a backlight for the display panel, can efficiently diffuse and emit a highly directional light emitted from the collimated backlight toward the front of the display device as image display light, without allowing straight transmission of the highly directional light, and a display device using the optical-diffusion film for display are provided. Disclosed is a single layered optical-diffusion film having a columnar structure in which plural pillar-shaped objects having a relatively high refractive index are arranged to stand close together in a film thickness direction in a region having a relatively low refractive index, in which the film thickness of the optical-diffusion film has a value within the range of 60 to 700 ?m, and the haze value obtainable in the case in which light is made incident in the normal line direction of the film plane has a value of 80% or more.

Abstract: Provided are an optical-diffusion film for display which, particularly when applied to a reflective display device, can efficiently diffuse and emit an external light incident from a wide range of angles toward the front of the display device as image display light, and a reflective display device using the optical-diffusion film.

Abstract: A flexible liquid crystal display device which is obtained by sandwiching a liquid crystal layer between a first substrate and a second substrate, and wherein: the liquid crystal layer-side surface of at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is provided with a first polarizing film and a second polarizing film; and the first polarizing film and the second polarizing film contain a dye-based polarizing material.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel and a backlight. The display panel has the first substrate, the second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first and second substrates, the first circularly polarizing plate arranged on the observer's side of the first substrate, the second circularly polarizing plate arranged between the second substrate and the backlight, and a scattering film arranged on the observer's side of the first circularly polarizing plate.

Abstract: Provided are an optical-diffusion film for display which, particularly when applied to a reflective display device, can efficiently diffuse and emit an external light incident from a wide range of angles toward the front of the display device as image display light, and a reflective display device using the optical-diffusion film.

Abstract: An optical-diffusion film for display which, particularly when applied to a display device using a collimated backlight as a backlight for the display panel, can efficiently diffuse and emit a highly directional light emitted from the collimated backlight toward the front of the display device as image display light, without allowing straight transmission of the highly directional light, and a display device using the optical-diffusion film for display are provided. Disclosed is a single layered optical-diffusion film having a columnar structure in which plural pillar-shaped objects having a relatively high refractive index are arranged to stand close together in a film thickness direction in a region having a relatively low refractive index, in which the film thickness of the optical-diffusion film has a value within the range of 60 to 700 ?m, and the haze value obtainable in the case in which light is made incident in the normal line direction of the film plane has a value of 80% or more.

Abstract: A transparent electroconductive film characterized in comprising a laminate having a three-layered structure in which a transparent electroconductive layer is formed via a transparent gas barrier layer on one face of a transparent, fluorine-containing resin film.

Abstract: An apparatus for shining light on an object, a shot of which is intermittently taken by a camera during intermittent periods, includes a light source which emits the light, and a shutter unit which intermittently blocks the light, such that the light is intermittently shone on the object during periods excluding the intermittent periods.

Abstract: A lighting system has a light source (2), a liquid crystal dimmer plate (4) for scattering a desired quantity of light from the light source (2), and a control power supply (5) for controlling a light scattering rate or effect of the liquid crystal dimmer plate (4). A light component transmitted through the liquid crystal dimmer plate (4) can be controlled by controlling the scattering effect of the dimmer plate (4). The so controlled light can be used as an illuminating light for a camera for example.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus includes a liquid crystal device (L) disposed in the optical path of light projected from a light source (P) and a driving circuit (D) connected to the liquid crystal device for applying a special driving voltage to a composite film (1) of the device (L). The applied driving voltage alternately causes the composite film (1) to attain an opaque state and a transparent state. The time periods of the alternating voltage pulses are varied, thereby changing the ratio of the duration of the opaque state to the duration of the transparent state per unit time period, and thus controlling the power of light transmitted through the composite film (1) without undesirably altering the color spectrum of the transmitted light.

Abstract: An optically addressed spatial light modulator having a multilayer-type photo conductive layer with a charge carrier generation layer and a charge carrier transport layer having a large mobility. The light modulator also utilizes a liquid crystal composite layer including a transparent resin having a refractive index equal to the refractive index of the liquid crystal. The photoconductive layer and the liquid crystal layer are fixed to each other and the transparent electrodes are fixed to the two opposite sides of these layers. Utilizing the present invention an optically addressed spatial modulator is produced which can write with spectral light such as an infrared ray emitted from a semiconductor laser. The modulator has excellent qualities of sensitivity, light transmittance, hardness and spatial uniformity.