Abstract: Optical transmission apparatuses are disclosed. An example apparatus includes: a circulator that receives and provides a first signal at a first port and at a second port respectively, and receives and provides a second signal at the second port and at a third port respectively; a projecting lens movable perpendicular to an optical axis of a signal through the second port; a receiving lens movable perpendicular to an optical axis of a signal through the third port; a spectroscope that splits a signal through the receiving lens into transmitted light and reflected light; a sensor that detects an optical axis position of either the transmitted light or reflected light; and a controller that adjusts a position of the receiving lens and/or the projecting lens based on the optical axis position, and adjusts the optical axis to cause the other of the transmitted light or reflected light to enter a cable.

Abstract: A lactone derivative that is expressed by the following formula (I).

Abstract: A novel lactone derivative that is expressed by the following structural formula (I).

Abstract: A method for forming II-type cellulose, which comprises introducing together a slurry having water and a I-type cellulose dispersed therein and water in the state of high temperature and high pressure to a tubular reactor (28) contacting the I-type cellulose with a hot water in a supercritical state or subcritical state for a predetermined time in the tubular reactor (28), to thereby cleave a part of the hydrogen bonds in the I-type cellulose and dissolve the I-type cellulose into the water in a supercritical state or subcritical state, cooling a cellulose solution discharged from the tubular reactor (28) in a cooler (30) to room temperature or lower, followed by allowing to stand, to thereby precipitate crystals of II-type cellulose having a molecular weight lower than that of the I-type cellulose, and separating the resultant II-type cellulose from a solvent. The method allows the preparation of pure II-type cellulose by the use of a simple process.

Abstract: A shifting mechanism includes a limit switch that sends an open-close signal of the switch contacts SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 out to a control mechanism according to a 2H-4H-N-4L shifting sequence. The switch contacts SW1 and SW2 detect the position of a slider 4H which is moved by a thrust actuator, during shifting in the range of 4H engagement to the range of N engagement. Therefore, if one of the switch contacts SW1 and SW2 is faulty, the other switch detects shifting between 4H and N. This prevents shifting into N over 4H, thereby preventing malfunction of the thrust actuator resulting from a faulty switch contact SW1 or SW2. This also avoids potential difficulties in vehicle control due to shifting characteristics and permits the maintaining of controlled driving.

Abstract: A method for forming II-type cellulose, which comprises introducing together a slurry having water and a I-type cellulose dispersed therein and water in the state of high temperature and high pressure to a tubular reactor (28) contacting the I-type cellulose with a hot water in a supercritical state or subcritical state for a predetermined time in the tubular reactor (28), to thereby cleave a part of the hydrogen bonds in the I-type cellulose and dissolve the I-type cellulose into the water in a supercritical state or subcritical state, cooling a cellulose solution discharged from the tubular reactor (28) in a cooler (30) to room temperature or lower, followed by allowing to stand, to thereby precipitate crystals of II-type cellulose having a molecular weight lower than that of the I-type cellulose, and separating the resultant II-type cellulose from a solvent. The method allows the preparation of pure II-type cellulose by the use of a simple process.

Abstract: A shifting mechanism includes a limit switch that sends an open-close signal of the switch contacts SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 out to a control mechanism according to a 2H-4H-N-4L shifting sequence. The switch contacts SW1 and SW2 detect the position of a slider 4H which is moved by a thrust actuator, during shifting in the range of 4H engagement to the range of N engagement. Therefore, if one of the switch contacts SW1 and SW2 is faulty, the other switch detects shifting between 4H and N. This prevents shifting into N over 4H, thereby preventing malfunction of the thrust actuator resulting from a faulty switch contact SW1 or SW2. This also avoids potential difficulties in vehicle control due to shifting characteristics and permits the maintaining of controlled driving.

Abstract: A gas detecting device for a vehicle includes a casing which is formed therein with an air passage having an air inlet and an air outlet located above the air inlet. A filter is provided in the air passage below and downstream of a gas sensor. The filter has a lower end surface at a side of the air inlet and an upper end surface at a side of the gas sensor. The lower end surface of the filter works as an air-passing surface through which the air flows into the filter, while the upper end surface of the filter works as an air-passing surface through which the air flows out of the filter. A certain gap is provided between a lower portion of a side surface of the filter and an inner wall surface of the casing defining the air passage so that this lower portion of the filter also works as an air-passing surface through which the air flows into the filter. A labyrinth structure may be provided in the air passage between the air inlet and the filter for causing the air to meander at the labyrinth structure.

Abstract: A heterocyclic compound of the formula, ##STR1## wherein A and B are each hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy or --O--R.sup.2 --X--R.sup.1, or Y and B are taken together with each other to form methylenedioxy, R.sup.1 is alkyl, phenyl or alkenyl, R.sup.2 is unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, and X is --O--, --S--, --SO--, --SO.sub.2 -- or ##STR2## in which R.sup.3 is hydrogen or alkyl, with the proviso that R.sup.1 is C.sub.3 or C.sub.4 alkyl or alkenyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl when R.sup.2 is unsubstituted ethylene or propylene, respectively, X is --O-- or --S--, and Y and B don't form methylenedioxy, which is useful for dyeing or printing hydrophobic fiber materials with superior dyeability to give a dyed or printed product of a red color excellent in fastness properties, particularly those such as washing fastness.

Abstract: A monoazo compound of the formula, ##STR1## wherein D is a heterocyclic or carbocyclic compound residue such as benzothiazolyl and phenyl, X is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, halogeno, acylamino or the like, Y is hydrogen, halogeno, alkyl, alkoxy and the like, R.sub.1 is alkyl, R.sub.2 is C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, B is a bridging group such as ##STR2## --O--, --S--, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkylene and the like, and W.sub.1, W.sub.2, W.sub.3, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2 and Z.sub.3 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, halogeno or the like, which is useful for dyeing hydrophobic fiber materials to give dyed or printed product of a deep color excellent in fastness properties, particularly those such as washing fastness, even after various finishing treatments of the product.

Abstract: A disperse dye composition comprising (a) a pyridone monoazo compound of the formula (I), ##STR1## wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are each hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy or others, and R.sup.1 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or anilino, and (b) a pyridone monoazo compound of the formula (II). ##STR2## wherein X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are each hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy or others, and R.sup.2 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or anilino, optionally together with (c) a quinophthalone compound of the formula (III), ##STR3## wherein Y is hydrogen or bromine, and the ring A is unsubstituted or substituted benzene or naphthalene ring, which is useful as a yellow dye component for dyeing or printing hydrophobic fiber materials with superior dye bath stability and level dyeing property.

Abstract: A monoazo compound of the following formula, ##STR1## wherein X is a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-4 alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1-4 alkylcarbonyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano or trifluoromethyl group, Y is a hydrogen or chlorine atom or a methyl or acylamino group, and Z is a hydrogen or chlorine atom or a methyl, methoxy or ethoxy group, which is useful for dyeing or printing hydrophobic fibers with superior level dyeing and build-up properties to give dyed products of a brilliant color superior in fastness properties.

Abstract: A monoazo pyridone compound of the following formula, ##STR1## wherein X is a member selected from hydrogen, halogeno, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbamoyl, sulfamoyl or cyano, and R is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or anilino, with the provisos that X is a member selected from those defined above except for hydrogen, chloro, methyl and methoxy when R is ethyl, and X is a member selected from those defined above except for alkyl when R is iso-butyl, which is stable under dyeing conditions, and useful for dyeing hydrophobic fiber materials to give dyed products of a deep, fast and brilliant color of greenish yellow to orange.