Abstract: Provided is an encoder including: circuitry; and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: performs a mapping process of Luma Mapping with Chroma Scaling (LMCS) for transforming a first pixel value space applied to a luma display image signal into a second pixel value space applied to a luma encoding process signal, using line segments forming a transform curve, each of which corresponds to a different one of sections obtained by partitioning the first pixel value space; and encodes an image, and in the performing of the LMCS, the circuitry determines the transform curve so that among boundary values in the second pixel value space, a first value obtained by dividing a boundary value by a base width defined according to a bit depth of the image is not equal to a second value obtained by dividing another boundary value by the base width.

Abstract: When intra prediction is to be used, an encoder determines whether an adaptive basis selection mode is to be used and whether a size of the current block matches a determined size. When the adaptive basis selection mode is to be used and the size matches the determined size, the encoder fixes the first transform basis for the current block to a first determined transform basis in the adaptive basis selection mode, and generates first transform coefficients by performing first transform of residual signals of the current block using the first determined transform basis; quantizes the first transform coefficients when an intra prediction mode for the current block is a determined mode; and generates second transform coefficients by performing second transform of the first transform coefficients using a second transform basis, and quantizes the second transform coefficients, when the intra prediction mode is not the determined mode.

Abstract: An encoder that encodes a current block in a picture includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry: determines whether to use intra prediction for the current block; and when determining to use intra prediction, (i) performs a first transform on a residual signal of the current block using a first transform basis to generate first transform coefficients; and (ii-1) performs a second transform on the first transform coefficients using a second transform basis to generate second transform coefficients and quantizes the second transform coefficients, when an intra prediction mode of the current block is a predetermined mode or when the first transform basis is same as a predetermined transform basis; and (ii-2) quantizes the first transform coefficients without performing the second transform when the intra prediction mode is different from the predetermined mode and the first transform basis is different from the predetermined transform basis.

Abstract: A hydrogen-occluding alloy consisting of at least one element selected from rare-earth elements R and magnesium or of at least one element selected from rare-earth elements R, magnesium and nickel has a small density and is inexpensive and has an excellent hydrogen occlusion capacity as compared with the conventional La-Ni series alloys. The R-Mg series alloys and R-Ni-Mg series alloys are suitable as a material for hydrogen container.