Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer, and a cover with a plurality of dimples thereon, the core is a two-layer core consisting of an inner core layer and an outer core layer each formed primarily of a base rubber, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover layer are each composed of at least one layer and formed primarily of a synthetic resin material, and the initial velocities and surface hardnesses of the core, the envelope layer-encased sphere and the intermediate layer-encased sphere are designed within specific ranges. This golf ball satisfies at a very high level the flight and control performances expected for use by professional golfers and skilled amateurs, has the ability to move forward on a straight path particularly on full shots, and also has an excellent scuff resistance.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a two-layer core with an inner core layer and an outer core layer, a cover, and at least one intermediate layer between the core and cover, the inner and outer core layers are formed of different rubber compositions, and the intermediate layer and the cover are formed of different resin compositions. The inner core layer diameter, the hardness relationship between the surface of the outer core layer and the center of the inner core layer, and the material hardness of the intermediate layer fall within specific ranges. Also, within the ball, the intermediate layer-encased sphere has a higher surface hardness than the cover-encased sphere. This golf ball has a larger spin rate-lowering effect on full shots with a driver, resulting in an increased distance, and also has an excellent spin performance on approach shots, thus providing the golfer with a competitive advantage.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball which includes a core of at least one layer, a cover of at least one layer, and at least one intermediate layer interposed between the core and the cover, the cover is composed primarily of polyurethane and the following parameters are controlled within specific ranges: core deflection, melt flow rate of intermediate layer material, thickness of intermediate layer, thickness and Shore D hardness of cover, combined thickness of intermediate layer and cover, and the value of (Shore D hardness of cover material)?(Shore D hardness of intermediate layer material). This golf ball has a good, soft feel at impact and lowers the rate of spin on full shots, achieving a good distance.

Abstract: In a golf ball having a core and a cover of one or more layers, letting the core diameter be D (mm), the cover thickness be T (mm) and the core and ball deflections when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load state of 98 N (10 kgf) be 5 (mm) and B (mm), the following conditions are satisfied: (1) 30?D/T?24, (2) 3.9?E/T?3.0, and (3) 1.18?E/B?1.09. This golf ball provides an excellent flight performance and a soft feel at impact when used by golfers whose head speed is not very fast, such as senior golfers and women golfers. The ball also has a high durability to cracking on repeated impact.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a rubber two-layer core consisting of an inner layer and an outer layer, a cover, and at least one intermediate layer therebetween, the inner core layer has a diameter of at least 22 mm, the difference in JIS-C hardness between the center of the inner core layer and the surface of the outer core layer is at least 25, the ball satisfies the relationship A/B?2.0, where A and B are the deflections of, respectively, the inner core layer and the two-layer core when compressed under specific loading conditions, and the intermediate layer has a higher material hardness than the cover, and the core hardness profile are optimized by the specific conditions. This ball enables mid- to high-level golfers both to achieve even longer distances and to maintain the spin performance on approach shots at a high level.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer, and a cover with a plurality of dimples formed thereon, the core is formed primarily of a base rubber, the envelope layer and the intermediate layer are formed primarily of synthetic resin materials, and the cover layer is formed primarily of a urethane material. The relationships between, respectively, the surface hardnesses of the envelope layer-encased sphere and the ball, the thicknesses of the intermediate layer and the cover layer, the deflections of the core and the ball, and the initial velocities of the core and various layer-encased spheres of the ball each satisfy specific conditions. This golf ball makes it possible for amateur golfers, while maintaining a good distance on shots with a driver (W#1), to obtain a good ball controllability on approach shots and moreover experience a soft feel at impact.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a two-layer core consisting of an inner layer and an outer layer, a cover, at least one intermediate layer between the core and the cover, and a paint film layer formed on the cover surface, each layer of the two-layer core is formed primarily of a rubber composition, the intermediate layer and the cover are each formed primarily of a resin material, the core has a hardness profile which satisfies specific conditions, and the sphere consisting of the core encased by the intermediate layer has a higher surface hardness than the ball. When used by mid- to high-level golfers, this ball achieves sufficient reduction in the spin rate on full shots with a driver, enabling the distance to be increased, and the spin performance on approach shots is excellent, enhancing the enjoyability of the game.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and computing device are provided for generating a formal specification of a function. The method includes extracting a set of words from requirements of the function. The method further includes translating the set of words to a set of specification fragments. The method also includes converting the set of the specification fragments to a set of production rules. The method additionally includes constructing multiple prospective specifications from the set of production rules taking into account a syntax of the formal specification. The method further includes validating each of the multiple prospective specifications using input-output examples. The method also includes generating the formal specification of the function from validated ones of the multiple prospective specifications.

Abstract: In a golf ball having, in order, a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover, the following conditions are satisfied: (I) ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness>envelope layer surface hardness<core surface hardness, (II) (Shore D hardness at core surface?Shore D hardness at envelope layer surface)?10, (III) (cover thickness?intermediate layer thickness)>0.05 mm, (IV) (intermediate layer thickness?envelope layer thickness)>0.05 mm, and (V) (Cs?C10)/(C10?Cc)>1.0 (where Cs denotes the JIS-C hardness at the core surface, C10 the JIS-C hardness at a position 10 mm from a center of the core, and Cc the JIS-C hardness at the core center). The ball provides an excellent flight performance when struck by the average golfer, a feel that is both soft and solid, and an excellent durability to repeated impact.

Abstract: The invention provides a golf ball having a core and a cover of one layer or a plurality of layers, the core being formed of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition containing: (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, and (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate. The core has a hardness profile which satisfies specific relationships between the JIS-C hardness at the core center (Cc), the JIS-C hardness at a position 10 mm from the core center (C10) and the JIS-C hardness at the core surface (Cs).

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a rubber two-layer core consisting of an inner layer and an outer layer, a cover, and at least one intermediate layer therebetween, the inner core layer has a diameter of at least 30 mm, the difference in JIS-C hardness between the center of the inner core layer and the surface of the outer core layer is at least 25, the ball satisfies the relationship A/B?1.5, where A and B are the deflections of, respectively, the inner core layer and the two-layer core when compressed under specific loading conditions, and the intermediate layer has a higher material hardness than the cover. This ball enables mid- to high-level golfers both to achieve even longer distances and to maintain the spin performance on approach shots at a high level.

Abstract: The invention provides a golf ball having a core and a cover of one layer or a plurality of layers, the core being formed of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition containing: (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, and (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate. The core has a hardness profile which satisfies specific relationships between the JIS-C hardness at the core center (Cc), the JIS-C hardness at a position 10 mm from the core center (C10) and the JIS-C hardness at the core surface (Cs).

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer encasing the core, an intermediate layer encasing the envelope layer, and an outermost layer encasing the intermediate layer, the envelope layer-encased sphere, the intermediate layer-encased sphere and the ball have surface hardnesses which satisfy a specific relationship, the intermediate layer and the cover have thicknesses which satisfy a specific relationship, and the core has a hardness profile in which the hardnesses at the core surface, core center, a position 5 mm from the core center, and a position midway between the core surface and center satisfy specific relationships. This golf ball satisfies at a high level the flight and control performances desired for use by professional golfers and skilled amateurs. In particular, it holds down the spin rate on full shots and follows a straight trajectory, thus having a superior flight performance, and moreover is endowed with an excellent scuff resistance.

Abstract: A pressure tank includes a resin liner, a base, a seal, and a collar. The resin liner contains fluid therein. The resin liner has a tubular portion via which an inside of the resin liner communicates with an outside of the resin liner. The base includes a supply/discharge hole in which the tubular portion is inserted. The seal is provided between the tubular portion and the base in the supply/discharge hole. The collar has a through-hole and inserted into the tubular portion.

Abstract: Multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer encasing the core, an intermediate layer encasing the envelope layer, and an outermost layer encasing the intermediate layer, the envelope layer-encased sphere, the intermediate layer-encased sphere and the ball have surface hardnesses which satisfy a specific relationship, the intermediate layer and the cover have thicknesses which satisfy a specific relationship, and the core has a hardness profile in which the hardnesses at the core surface, core center, a position 5 mm from the core center, and a position midway between the core surface and center satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: A three-dimensional shape measuring apparatus includes a light source, an optical sensor, and an imaging unit that images a sensor signal. The three-dimensional shape measuring apparatus includes: a storing unit that stores control information indicating a state of the three-dimensional shape measuring apparatus at a point in time of imaging, the control information being obtained in synchronization with the imaging of the sensor signal performed by the imaging unit; and an output control unit that controls a transfer timing of the control information stored in the storing unit in accordance with a transfer timing of image data obtained by the imaging unit so as to output the control information to an image transfer path in association with the image data.

Abstract: A vehicle control system is provided to prevent an occurrence of an engine misfire which may be caused by an execution of ignition retard during lean-burn operation of an engine. The vehicle control system is configured to determine a starting point of an inertia phase when a shifting operation is demanded in the lean-burn mode. The vehicle control system is further configured to switch from the lean-burn mode to the stoichiometric mode before the starting point of the inertia phase, and to execute an ignition retard of the engine in the stoichiometric mode.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, a cover and an intermediate layer therebetween, the core, an intermediate layer-encased sphere and the ball have surface hardnesses which satisfy a specific relationship, and the intermediate layer and the cover have thicknesses which satisfy a specific relationship. Also, the core has a hardness profile in which the hardnesses at the core surface, core center, a position 5 mm from the core center, and a position midway between the surface and center of the core satisfy specific relationships. This golf ball, when used by mid- and high-level amateurs, enables the golfer to maintain an adequate distance on shots with a driver and achieve a good distance on iron shots, has a good spin performance on approach shots and has a good feel on impact. In addition, the ball has an excellent scuff resistance when struck with a grooved wedge.

Abstract: In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an envelope layer, an intermediate layer, and a cover with a plurality of dimples thereon, the core is a two-layer core consisting of an inner core layer and an outer core layer each formed primarily of a base rubber, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover layer are each composed of at least one layer and formed primarily of a synthetic resin material, and the initial velocities and surface hardnesses of the core, the envelope layer-encased sphere and the intermediate layer-encased sphere are designed within specific ranges. This golf ball satisfies at a very high level the flight and control performances expected for use by professional golfers and skilled amateurs, has the ability to move forward on a straight path particularly on full shots, and also has an excellent scuff resistance.

Abstract: A shift control system that reduces drop in driving force and shocks during execution of clutch-to-clutch upshifting is provided. The control system is configured to reduce a torque transmitting capacity of a first clutch at a predetermined rate while increasing a torque transmitting capacity of a second clutch with a reduction in the torque transmitting capacity of the first clutch during execution of the upshifting, to set a target speed of the engine to a level determined by adding a predetermined speed to a synchronous engine speed corresponding to a low speed stage, during a torque phase in which the torque transmitting capacity of the first clutch is being reduced and the torque transmitting capacity of the second clutch is being increased, and to execute a feedback control of an engine torque in such a manner as to maintain the engine speed to the target speed based on a difference between the target speed and an actual engine speed.