Abstract: There is provided a solid-state imaging device including: a first substrate including a first semiconductor substrate and a first wiring layer, the first semiconductor substrate having a pixel unit with pixels; a second substrate including a second semiconductor substrate and a second wiring layer, the second semiconductor substrate having a circuit with a predetermined function; and a third substrate including a third semiconductor substrate and a third wiring layer, the third semiconductor substrate having a circuit with a predetermined function, the first, second, and third substrates being stacked in this order, the first substrate and the second substrate being bonded together with the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer opposed to each other, a first coupling structure on bonding surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate, and including an electrode junction structure with electrodes formed on the respective bonding surfaces in direct contact with each other.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device including a first substrate on which a pixel unit is formed, and a first semiconductor substrate and a first multi-layered wiring layer are stacked, a second substrate on which a circuit having a predetermined function is formed, and a second semiconductor substrate and a second multi-layered wiring layer are stacked, and a third substrate on which a circuit having a predetermined function is formed, and a third semiconductor substrate and a third multi-layered wiring layer are stacked. The first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate are stacked in this order. A first coupling structure for electrically coupling a circuit of the first substrate and the circuit of the second substrate to each other does not include a coupling structure formed from the first substrate as a base over bonding surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: In a current detector for use with a pulse-driven electromagnetic actuator drive circuit, a solenoid current detector is disclosed which operates by use of a solenoid current detection resistor to sample an instantaneous solenoid current value at intervals of a predetermined pulse voltage period, and calculates the average current value for the solenoid by calculation based on the sampled value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling an internal combustion engine is provided, the apparatus includes using a first crank angle position detector for generating a reference pulse at a predetermined crank angle period in synchronization with the rotation of a crank shaft of the internal combustion engine, and a second crank angle position detector for generating a crank angle pulse at a fixed crank angle period shorter than the period of the reference pulse. The operation of the internal combustion engine is controlled by using the reference pulse and the crank angle pulse, wherein the reference pulse is generated between the crank angle pulses. Further, an auxiliary pulse is generated from the second crank angle position detector upon generation of the reference pulse. The internal combustion engine is controlled by using the auxiliary pulse when the first crank angle position detector is not operating properly.