Abstract: To provide a micro-lens substrate wherein a higher contrast ratio can be obtained when used in a liquid crystal panel and the like. A micro-lens substrate 1A includes a first substrate 2 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of first concaves 31 and first aligment marks 71 formed on a first glass substrate 29, a second substrate 8 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of second concaves 32 and second aligment marks 72 formed on a second glass substrate 89, a resin layer 9, microlenses 4 consisting of doulbe convex lenses formed of a resin filled in between the first and second concaves 31 and 32, and spacers 5.

Abstract: To provide a micro-lens substrate wherein a higher contrast ratio can be obtained when used in a liquid crystal panel and the like. A micro-lens substrate 1A includes a first substrate 2 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of first concaves 31 and first aligment marks 71 formed on a first glass substrate 29, a second substrate 8 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of second concaves 32 and second aligment marks 72 formed on a second glass substrate 89, a resin layer 9, microlenses 4 consisting of double convex lenses formed of a resin filled in between the first and second concaves 31 and 32, and spacers 5.

Abstract: A substrate with a plurality of concave portions according to the invention includes a substrate having. a plurality of concave portions. The concave portions are formed on the substrate by means of an etching process so that the plurality of concave portions are randomly arranged on the substrate. First, a non-polymerized resin is applied to the face on which the concave portions of the substrate with concave portions for microlenses are formed. By polymerizing and hardening (solidifying) this resin and further removing the substrate with concave portions for microlenses from a resin layer, the resin layer is formed on the substrate. Thus, microlenses that are constituted from the resin filled in the concave portions and function as convex lenses are formed in the resin layer.

Abstract: A two-wavelength antireflection film to prevent light in two-wavelength regions of a deep-ultraviolet region and a region from a visible region to the near-infrared region on a surface of a substrate by coating the two-wavelength antireflection film on the surface of the substrate which penetrates light from the deep-ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, comprising a first thin film which is formed on the substrate, and has a refractive index of 1.6 to 2.0 and optical film thickness of 0.4&lgr; to 0.7&lgr; for design main wavelength (&lgr;), a second thin film which is formed on the first thin film, and has a refractive index of 1.35 to 1.55 and an optical film thickness of 0.05&lgr; to 0.6&lgr; for the design main wavelength &lgr;, a third thin film which is formed on the second thin film, and has a refractive index of 1.6 to 2.0 and an optical film thickness of 0.1&lgr; to 0.

Abstract: A two-wavelength antireflection film to prevent light in two-wavelength regions of a deep-ultraviolet region and a region from a visible region to the near-infrared region on a surface of a substrate by coating the two-wavelength antireflection film on the surface of the substrate which penetrates light from the deep-ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, comprising a first thin film which is formed on the substrate, and has a refractive index of 1.6 to 2.0 and optical film thickness of 0.4&lgr; to 0.7&lgr; for design main wavelength (&lgr;), a second thin film which is formed on the first thin film, and has a refractive index of 1.35 to 1.55 and an optical film thickness of 0.05&lgr; to 0.6&lgr; for the design main wavelength &lgr;, a third thin film which is formed on the second thin film, and has a refractive index of 1.6 to 2.0 and an optical film thickness of 0.1&lgr; to 0.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a substrate 5 with a plurality of concave portions 3 according to the invention includes the steps of forming a mask 6 on the substrate 5, forming a plurality of initial holes 61 on the mask 6 by means of a physical method such as blast processing or irradiation with laser beams, and forming the plurality of concave portions in the substrate 5 by subjecting the mask 6 with the plurality of initial holes 61 to an etching process. In case of carrying out the blast processing, glass beads whose average diameter is in the range of 50 to 100 &mgr;m are used as blast media.

Abstract: An optical unit includes a lens and a lens frame to support the lens. The lens frame includes a cylindrical portion and a U-shaped portion. The U-shaped portion has a U-shaped cross-section. The cylindrical portion has an edge and an inner surface in contact with an outer surface of the lens. The U-shaped portion is formed integrally with the edge of the cylindrical portion and holds the lens. With the lens held, the U-shaped portion is adhesively bonded to the cylindrical portion and then is removed from the cylindrical portion.

Abstract: An optical unit includes a lens and a lens frame to support the lens. The lens frame includes a cylindrical portion and a U-shaped portion. The U-shaped portion has a U-shaped cross-section. The cylindrical portion has an edge and an inner surface in contact with an outer surface of the lens. The U-shaped portion is formed integrally with the edge of the cylindrical portion and holds the lens. With the lens held, the U-shaped portion is adhesively bonded to the cylindrical portion and then is removed from the cylindrical portion.

Abstract: To provide The invention provides a transmissive screen which does not readily cause light diffraction and the generation of moire fringing and to provide a rear projector having such a superior transmissive screen. A The transmissive screen including can include a Fresnel lens portion having Fresnel lens components on the surface of the light-exiting face thereof, a microlens array portion disposed at the light-exiting face side of the Fresnel lens portion and having many microlenses on the surface of the light-incident face, and a light diffusing portion disposed between the Fresnel lens portion and the microlens array portion. A rear projector having such a superior transmissive screen. Such a transmissive screen can be incorporated into a rear projector.

Abstract: To provide an excellent transmissive screen allowing a well-balanced increase in the vertical, horizontal, and oblique viewing angle characteristics for enhancing the viewing angle characteristics, and a rear projector including the transmissive screen. A transmissive screen includes a Fresnel lens portion having Fresnel lens components on its light-exiting surface; and a microlens array portion disposed at the light-exiting surface side of the Fresnel lens portion and having many microlenses on its light-incident surface. The microlenses of the microlens array portion are arrayed vertically and horizontally such that adjacent microlenses have common sides and the microlens array portion is rotated by 45°.

Abstract: An optical unit includes a lens and a lens frame to support the lens. The lens frame includes a cylindrical portion and a U-shaped portion. The U-shaped portion has a U-shaped cross-section. The cylindrical portion has an edge and an inner surface in contact with an outer surface of the lens. The U-shaped portion is formed integrally with the edge of the cylindrical portion and holds the lens. With the lens held, the U-shaped portion is adhesively bonded to the cylindrical portion and then is removed from the cylindrical portion.

Abstract: To provide a micro-lens substrate wherein a higher contrast ratio can be obtained when used in a liquid crystal panel and the like. A micro-lens substrate 1A includes a first substrate 2 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of first concaves 31 and first aligment marks 71 formed on a first glass substrate 29, a second substrate 8 with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of second concaves 32 and second aligment marks 72 formed on a second glass substrate 89, a resin layer 9, microlenses 4 consisting of doulbe convex lenses formed of a resin filled in between the first and second concaves 31 and 32, and spacers 5.

Abstract: The present invention provides a micro-lens substrate wherein a higher contrast ratio can be obtained when used in a liquid crystal panel and the like. A micro-lens substrate includes a first substrate with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of first concaves and first alignment marks formed on a first glass substrate, a second substrate with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of second concaves and second alignment marks formed on a second glass substrate, a resin layer, microlenses comprised of double convex lenses formed of a resin filled in between the first and second concaves, and spacers.

Abstract: To provide a thermopile infrared detecting element capable of accurate temperature measurement at low cost. An infrared detecting element 1 using a silicon nitride film as a first structure layer 22 constituting a structure of a membrane portion 4 is provided. Unlike silicon oxide, the first structure layer 22 has internal stress in the tensile direction, and can thus prevent the occurrence of bending. Also, diodes D1 and D2 can be formed in a silicon substrate 2 by using the first structure layer 22 as an element isolation region, and thus deformation of a thermopile 12 due to a change in the environment can be prevented to suppress measurement error of the thermopile 12. Furthermore, a high accuracy infrared detecting element capable of accurately detecting the temperature of cold junctions using the diodes D1 and D2 can be provided.

Abstract: An optical unit includes a lens and a lens frame to support the lens. The lens frame includes a cylindrical portion and a U-shaped portion. The U-shaped portion has a U-shaped cross-section. The cylindrical portion has an edge and an inner surface in contact with an outer surface of the lens. The U-shaped portion is formed integrally with the edge of the cylindrical portion and holds the lens. With the lens held, the U-shaped portion is adhesively bonded to the cylindrical portion and then is removed from the cylindrical portion.

Abstract: A microlens substrate 1 includes a transparent substrate 2 provided with a plurality of concavities 3 having concave surfaces, an outer layer 8 bonded to the transparent substrate 2 at a surface thereof provided with the concavities 3 via a resin layer 9, and spacers 5 for regulating the thickness of the resin layer 9. The resin layer 9 includes microlenses 4 formed with a resin filling the concavities 3. The spacers 5 include globular particles. The standard deviation of particle-size distribution of the spacers 5 is preferably not greater than 20% of an average particle size of the spacers 5. The density of the spacers 5 is preferably in the order of 0.5 to 2.0 g/cm3. A value &rgr;1/&rgr;2 is preferably in the order of 0.6 to 1.4, in which &rgr;1 denotes the density (g/cm3) of the spacers 5, and &rgr;2 denotes the density (g/cm3) of a resin forming the resin layer 9.

Abstract: A microlens substrate 1 includes a glass substrate 2 provided with a number of concavities 3 for microlenses, and a glass layer 8 bonded via a resin layer 9 to the glass substrate 2 at a surface thereof provided with the concavities 3. In the resin layer 9, microlenses 4 are formed with a resin filling the concavities 3. The resin layer 9 is formed by curing a resin having a viscosity before curing of not higher than 500 cP at 25° C., particularly an ultraviolet curable resin. An index of refraction n of the resin layer 9 is preferably not lower than 1.35.

Abstract: The present invention provides a micro-lens substrate wherein a higher contrast ratio can be obtained when used in a liquid crystal panel and the like. A micro-lens substrate includes a first substrate with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of first concaves and first alignment marks formed on a first glass substrate, a second substrate with concaves for microlenses having a plurality of second concaves and second alignment marks formed on a second glass substrate, a resin layer, microlenses comprised of double convex lenses formed of a resin filled in between the first and second concaves, and spacers.

Abstract: An object is to provide a microlens substrate capable of regulating the thickness of a resin layer with high accuracy.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus for an optical instrument includes an illumination section for outputting illumination light, and a lens made of rubber and arranged on the optical path of the illumination light output from the illumination section.