Abstract: A refractive index controlled diffractive optical element having a two-dimensional refractive index distribution to be written on a transparent material, wherein a first refractive index region with a refractive index n1 and width d1 is formed in a transparent material, and the ith refractive index region with a refractive index ni (assuming ni?ni?1) and a width di is formed adjacent to the (i?1)th refractive index region and opposite to the (i ?2)th refractive index region (at an arbitrary side of the (i?1)th refractive index region when i=2) where i is an integer within a range of 2?i?x. Accordingly, a diffractive optical element simultaneously having high diffraction efficiency to a particular order and thinness of the element itself can be obtained.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus comprises a polishing plate (24), an abrasive cloth (25) attached to the surface of the polishing plate (24), a chuck (19) for holding and pressing one surface of a wafer (39) against the abrasive cloth (25), and a circular retaining ring (23) concentrically arranged on the periphery of the chuck (19). The retaining ring (23) is rotatable and vertically movable with respect to the chuck (19), and is pressed against the abrasive cloth (25) during the lapping step. The retaining ring (23) is lifted upward during the final polishing step, thereby preventing lapping grains from being brought into the final polishing stage. Accordingly, lapping and final polishing can be successively conducted using the same polishing head. With this structure, cost cutting of the apparatus can be realized, since lapping and final polishing are successively conducted using the same polishing head without bringing the lapping grains used for lapping into the final polishing stage.

Abstract: Achieved are suppression of image-quality deterioration caused by an incorrect motion vector and suppression of flicker in video without causing adverse effects such as image blur. A video display apparatus performs multi-level gradation display by controlling light emission of subfields into which one field displaying a picture is divided, the video display apparatus comprising: an image processing unit configured to calculate a motion vector of the picture; a reliability value calculation unit configured to calculate a reliability value of the calculated motion vector; and a subfield display control unit configured to determine a subfield control pattern based on the calculated reliability value, and to control the light emission according to the determined subfield control pattern.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus comprises a polishing plate (24), an abrasive cloth (25) attached to the surface of the polishing plate (24), a chuck (19) for holding and pressing one surface of a wafer (39) against the abrasive cloth (25), and a circular retaining ring (23) concentrically arranged on the periphery of the chuck (19). The retaining ring (23) is rotatable and vertically movable with respect to the chuck (19), and is pressed against the abrasive cloth (25) during the lapping step. The retaining ring (23) is lifted upward during the final polishing step, thereby preventing lapping grains from being brought into the final polishing stage. Accordingly, lapping and final polishing can be successively conducted using the same polishing head. With this structure, cost cutting of the apparatus can be realized, since lapping and final polishing are successively conducted using the same polishing head without bringing the lapping grains used for lapping into the final polishing stage.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus comprises a polishing plate (24), an abrasive cloth (25) attached to the surface of the polishing plate (24), a chuck (19) for holding and pressing one surface of a wafer (39) against the abrasive cloth (25), and a circular retaining ring (23) concentrically arranged on the periphery of the chuck (19). The retaining ring (23) is rotatable and vertically movable with respect to the chuck (19), and is pressed against the abrasive cloth (25) during the lapping step. The retaining ring (23) is lifted upward during the final polishing step, thereby preventing lapping grains from being brought into the final polishing stage. Accordingly, lapping and final polishing can be successively conducted using the same polishing head. With this structure, cost cutting of the apparatus can be realized, since lapping and final polishing are successively conducted using the same polishing head without bringing the lapping grains used for lapping into the final polishing stage.

Abstract: A communication system includes a device and a server connected to the Internet, which transfers communications between the device and a terminal connectable to the Internet via the server. The device periodically transmits a notice packet to the server. The server transmits a connection request packet to the device in reply to the notice packet when a transfer to the device is requested from the terminal. The device transmits a TCP connection request to the server when receiving the connection request packet from the server. The server accepts the TCP connection request transmitted from the device to the server in reply to the connection request packet, to establish the TCP connection. Thus, the server transfers communications between the terminal and the device on the TCP connection after the TCP connection is established.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: A refractive index controlled diffractive optical element having a two-dimensional refractive index distribution to be written on a transparent material, wherein a first refractive index region with a refractive index n1 and width d1 is formed in a transparent material, and the ith refractive index region with a refractive index ni (assuming ni?ni-1) and a width di is formed adjacent to the (i?1)th refractive index region and opposite to the (i?2)th refractive index region (at an arbitrary side of the (i?1)th refractive index region when i=2) where i is an integer within a range of 2?i?x. Accordingly, a diffractive optical element simultaneously having high diffraction efficiency to a particular order and thinness of the element itself can be obtained.

Abstract: A system includes electronic equipment, an information processing device and a server device. The electronic equipment sends first address change confirmation information containing first address information to the information processing device. The information processing device sends second address change confirmation information obtained by writing second address information in the received first address change confirmation information. The server device determines that the first address information and the second address information, which are contained in the received second address change confirmation information, agree with each other, and updates the address information to new one when the first address information and the second address information do not agree with each other. With such a system, electronic equipment can hold up-to-date address information of the information processing device with extremely light processing at the side of the server device and with small load of communication.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus comprises a polishing plate (24), an abrasive cloth (25) attached to the surface of the polishing plate (24), a chuck (19) for holding and pressing one surface of a wafer (39) against the abrasive cloth (25), and a circular retaining ring (23) concentrically arranged on the periphery of the chuck (19). The retaining ring (23) is rotatable and vertically movable with respect to the chuck (19), and is pressed against the abrasive cloth (25) during the lapping step. The retaining ring (23) is lifted upward during the final polishing step, thereby preventing lapping grains from being brought into the final polishing stage. Accordingly, lapping and final polishing can be successively conducted using the same polishing head. With this structure, cost cutting of the apparatus can be realized, since lapping and final polishing are successively conducted using the same polishing head without bringing the lapping grains used for lapping into the final polishing stage.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier 804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: A communication system includes a device and a server connected to the Internet, which transfers communications between the device and a terminal connectable to the Internet via the server. The device periodically transmits a notice packet to the server. The server transmits a connection request packet to the device in reply to the notice packet when a transfer to the device is requested from the terminal. The device transmits a TCP connection request to the server when receiving the connection request packet from the server. The server accepts the TCP connection request transmitted from the device to the server in reply to the connection request packet, to establish the TCP connection. Thus, the server transfers communications between the terminal and the device on the TCP connection after the TCP connection is established.

Abstract: When a plurality of display parts, or icons, such as “play” or “stop” are displayed on a screen, information about the positional relationship in which these icons will be laid out on the screen is first assigned as an attribute of each icon. Also, using a certain icon as a reference, information about the layout of the icons, such as whether they are above, below, to the left, or to the right of this icon, is assigned as an attribute of the icon serving as the reference. In this way it is possible to vary the layout of a display according to the size of the display screen.

Abstract: A data transmitting device connected to a prescribed network includes a coding device for receiving plural kinds of coded data, and coupling these coded data in first data units to generate a first coded stream. A divider divides the first coded stream into second data units of a prescribed data size to generate divided pack data corresponding to divided packs as the second units. A packet generating device adds header information to respective divided pack data to generate packet data corresponding to packets as data transmission units; and a transmitter outputs the respective packet data toward the network as a second coded stream which has a data structure different from that of the first coded stream.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier 804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier 804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: It is objected to simplify a procedure concerning bandwidth acquisition. Bandwidth acquiring means 809 of a second transmitting apparatus 814 acquires a bandwidth which was used by a first transmitting apparatus 806 by using a propagation delay identifier 804 read from first transmitting apparatus 806 and a maximum transmission data size 805 after stopping transmission of first transmitting apparatus 806. Each apparatus is composed so that transmission is started using this bandwidth and because returning and re-acquisition are not accompanied when the transmission is switched, necessary procedure can be simplified. Further, it is possible to effectively use the bandwidth by using a propagation delay identifier.

Abstract: In transmission and reception of signals in which audio data and management information used in playback are mingled, such as the data recorded in DVD or other recording media, this is to present means for separating the information into video and audio data and management information used in playback, so that the reception side can make use of various playback functions, such as a playback of original picture and sound information, a change of playback procedure, and a selection of playback information. At the transmission side, the data packet transforming means generates a first packet stream from transmission data. Consequently, the transmission packet generating means inserts packets generated from the playback management information by playback management information packet transforming means into the first packet stream at a specified rate, and generates a second packet stream. This is transmitted by using communication media as designated in IEEE1394 or the like.

Abstract: A steel strip is degreased with low power consumption by subjecting the steel strip to electrolytic washing in a degreasing apparatus including an electrolytic washing apparatus in which electrodes confront each other across the steel strip located therebetween, and charge density and current density are maintained within a predetermined range. There is also provided a simple steel strip degreasing apparatus which is especially suitable for the method.