Abstract: A method and an apparatus for driving passive matrix liquid crystal, comprising the steps of: simultaneously selecting Y row electrodes, where Y is an odd number of 7 and above; calculating an exclusive OR between a Y-bit row selection vector representing a selection pattern of the Y row electrodes and Y-bit ON/OFF display data representing a display pattern of column electrodes, for each corresponding bit; adding the exclusive ORs for each bit; when X=(Y+1)/2, and a 1/(X?1) voltage of the maximum voltage of the column electrodes is Vc, selecting a voltage level of the column electrodes from X voltage levels satisfying: [2×i?(X?1)]×Vc (i=an integer of 0 to (X?1)) in accordance with the result of the addition for driving. These method and apparatus prevent the frame response phenomenon of high-speed liquid crystal while realizing high-contrast display, low-voltage driving, low power consumption, and reduction in chip size.

Abstract: A cyclic orthogonal matrix with three rows and four columns is used to drive a simple-matrix liquid crystal panel. Three gradation palettes having different phases of ON/OFF data of intermediate gradations are generated. A frame-rate-control phase table for an entire screen of the liquid crystal panel is generated in which the three gradation palettes are distributed so that the sequence direction of the ON/OFF data of the three gradation palettes coincides with the circulation direction of data of the cyclic orthogonal matrix, and a predetermined gradation palette is assigned to each pixel of the liquid crystal panel. Frames of the frame-rate-control gradation system and column vectors of the cyclic orthogonal matrix are simultaneously updated field-by-field to perform drive control and gradation control of each pixel of the liquid crystal panel. The gradation display of each pixel of the liquid crystal panel is completed for 12 fields constituting the three frames of the frame-rate-control gradation system.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for driving passive matrix liquid crystal, comprising the steps of: simultaneously selecting Y row electrodes, where Y is an odd number of 7 and above; calculating an exclusive OR between a Y-bit row selection vector representing a selection pattern of the Y row electrodes and Y-bit ON/OFF display data representing a display pattern of column electrodes, for each corresponding bit; adding the exclusive ORs for each bit; when X=(Y+1)/2, and a 1/(X?1) voltage of the maximum voltage of the column electrodes is Vc, selecting a voltage level of the column electrodes from X voltage levels satisfying:[2×i?(X?1)]×Vc (i=an integer of 0 to (X?1)) in accordance with the result of the addition for driving. These method and apparatus prevent the frame response phenomenon of high-speed liquid crystal while realizing high-contrast display, low-voltage driving, low power consumption, and reduction in chip size.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for driving passive matrix liquid crystal, comprising the steps of: simultaneously selecting Y row electrodes, where Y is an odd number of 7 and above; calculating an exclusive OR between a Y-bit row selection vector representing a selection pattern of the Y row electrodes and Y-bit ON/OFF display data representing a display pattern of column electrodes, for each corresponding bit; adding the exclusive ORs for each bit; when X=(Y+1)/2, and a 1/(X?1) voltage of the maximum voltage of the column electrodes is Vc, selecting a voltage level of the column electrodes from X voltage levels satisfying: [2×i?(X?1)]×Vc (i=an integer of 0 to (X?1)) in accordance with the result of the addition for driving. These method and apparatus prevent the frame response phenomenon of high-speed liquid crystal while realizing high-contrast display, low-voltage driving, low power consumption, and reduction in chip size.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for driving passive matrix liquid crystal, comprising the steps of: simultaneously selecting Y row electrodes, where Y is an odd number of 7 and above; calculating an exclusive OR between a Y-bit row selection vector representing a selection pattern of the Y row electrodes and Y-bit ON/OFF display data representing a display pattern of column electrodes, for each corresponding bit; adding the exclusive ORs for each bit; when X=(Y+1)/2, and a 1/(X?1) voltage of the maximum voltage of the column electrodes is Vc, selecting a voltage level of the column electrodes from X voltage levels satisfying: [2×i?(X×1)]×Vc (i=an integer of 0 to (X?1)) in accordance with the result of the addition for driving. These method and apparatus prevent the frame response phenomenon of high-speed liquid crystal while realizing high-contrast display, low-voltage driving, low power consumption, and reduction in chip size.

Abstract: A switch assembly (1) comprises a push-button section (52) and a push-button body (53) as an operation transmitting member, an LED box (54) and a contact-making contact (56) as a direct functioning member, and a communication-function incorporating contact (communications contact) (55) as an information input/output functioning member, as permitting these components to be connected with each other. Therefore, the switch assembly can respond to an operation given to the push-button body (52) by causing the contact-making contact (56) to provide an output for switching between a conductive state and a non-conductive state and by causing the communications contact (55) to output an information signal to a network.

Abstract: The multiline-addressing drive method and apparatus for passive matrix liquid crystal drive simultaneously plural rows of the liquid crystal as one block of rows by using an orthogonal function. The method and apparatus allocate rotated column vectors of plural selection-equivalent orthogonal functions obtained by rotating row vectors of one orthogonal function which is used as a selection pattern for simultaneously selected row electrodes to plural divided selection time periods obtained by dividing a selection time period of one of the simultaneously selected row electrodes, respectively and allow the column vectors of every selection-equivalent orthogonal function to loop back in time series with respect to the above one block. The liquid crystal panel is driven the method. The method and apparatus eliminate COM stripes and bias concentration, both specific to the MLA drive system, to improve the display quality and, in addition, achieve reduction in power consumption and circuit downsizing.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for driving passive matrix liquid crystal, comprising the steps of: simultaneously selecting Y row electrodes, where Y is an odd number of 7 and above; calculating an exclusive OR between a Y-bit row selection vector representing a selection pattern of the Y row electrodes and Y-bit ON/OFF display data representing a display pattern of column electrodes, for each corresponding bit; adding the exclusive ORs for each bit; when X=(Y+1)/2, and a 1/(X−1) voltage of the maximum voltage of the column electrodes is Vc, selecting a voltage level of the column electrodes from X voltage levels satisfying:[2×i−(X−1)]×Vc (i=an integer of 0 to (X−1)) in accordance with the result of the addition for driving. These method and apparatus prevent the frame response phenomenon of high-speed liquid crystal while realizing high-contrast display, low-voltage driving, low power consumption, and reduction in chip size.

Abstract: A light-emitting or receiving device comprising a light-emitting or receiving element coated with a silicone resin composition and an encapsulating means for encapsulating said light-emitting or receiving element, said encapsulating means comprising a polymer of a monomer, an oligomer or a mixture thereof comprising a diallyl compound. The device has improved weatherability, chemical resistance, hardness, optical properties such as transparency, and moisture resistance.

Abstract: There is provided a light-emitting or receiving device having improved weatherability, chemical resistance, hardness, and optical properties, wherein a light-emitting or receiving element is encapsulated with a polymer of a polymerizable liquid composition comprising (a) a monomer or an oligomer or a mixture thereof containing a diallyl compound as an essential ingredient.There is also provided an encapsulant and a method for encapsulating a light-emitting or receiving element.