Abstract: A printed circuit board includes a line formation layer including a differential line having a first conductor and a second conductor, a first component for a countermeasure against a surge, a first connection conductor having one end connected to the first conductor and another end connected to the first component, a second component for a countermeasure against a surge, a second connection conductor having one end connected to the second conductor and another end connected to the second component, a ground layer, and a dielectric mounted between the line formation layer and the ground layer. Lengths of the first conductor and second conductor are adjusted based on a difference of capacitance values in the circuit board.

Abstract: A first capacitance C1 exists between a first connection conductor (21) as well as a first component (31) and a ground layer (3), and a second capacitance C2 exists between a second connection conductor (22) as well as a second component (32) and the ground layer (3). The length of the first conductor (11) and the length of the second conductor (12) are each adjusted depending on a difference ?C between the first capacitance C1 and the second capacitance C2.

Abstract: A noise detection circuit includes a first reference voltage applying circuit to apply a first reference voltage to a first input terminal of a comparator, a second reference voltage applying circuit to apply a second reference voltage to a second input terminal of the comparator, and a feedback circuit having a first end connected with an output terminal of the comparator and a second end connected with the first input terminal or the second input terminal of the comparator.

Abstract: A sub wiring pattern (21) branches from a first branching portion (20a) of a main wiring pattern (20), and connects to the main wiring pattern (20) at a second branching portion (20b). In a portion of the main wiring pattern (20) from the first branching portion (20a) to the second branching portion (20b), a resistor element (12) and a three-terminal capacitor element (13) are serially connected. The sub wiring pattern (21) is formed so that its path length is larger than a length of a path from the first branching portion (20a) to the second branching portion (20b) in the main wiring pattern (20).

Abstract: A looped conductor (1) is opened at both ends, one end (1a) is connected to a conductor plate (2), and the other end (1b) is connected to a lead wire (5b). The conductor plate (2) is disposed parallel to a loop surface of the looped conductor (1) and has a shape covering the looped conductor (1). A lead wire (5a) is connected to the conductor plate (2), and outputs from the lead wire (5a) and the lead wire (5b) are specified as a measurement output of an electromagnetic field probe.

Abstract: A transmission device that establishes efficient match with an impedance mismatch section of a differential transmission system. The transmission device includes: a differential driver; a differential receiver; a differential line that connects between the differential driver and the differential receiver, the differential line including in-phase signal wiring and inverted-phase signal wiring; a delay increasing structure interposed in the differential line at an upstream of the impedance mismatch section; and a delay increasing structure interposed at a downstream of the impedance mismatch section. The delay increasing structure is interposed only in one of the in-phase signal wiring and the inverted-phase signal wiring, and the delay increasing structure is interposed only in another of the in-phase signal wiring and the inverted-phase signal wiring.

Abstract: A transmission device that establishes efficient match with an impedance mismatch section of a differential transmission system. The transmission device includes: a differential driver; a differential receiver; a differential line that connects between the differential driver and the differential receiver, the differential line including in-phase signal wiring and inverted-phase signal wiring; a delay increasing structure interposed in the differential line at an upstream of the impedance mismatch section; and a delay increasing structure interposed at a downstream of the impedance mismatch section. The delay increasing structure is interposed only in one of the in-phase signal wiring and the inverted-phase signal wiring, and the delay increasing structure is interposed only in another of the in-phase signal wiring and the inverted-phase signal wiring.

Abstract: Provided is an optical module in which wiring density may be reduced to ensure isolation between lines to reduce crosstalk. A flexible printed circuit includes: dielectric layers; a first pattern facing portion including a first ground conductor pattern and a first wiring pattern electrically connected to an electric terminal, which are facing each other through the dielectric layer; and a second pattern facing portion including a second ground conductor pattern and a second wiring pattern electrically connected to the electric terminal, which are facing each other through the dielectric layer, the second pattern facing portion facing the first pattern facing portion, in which when the dielectric layer is bent along a portion between the first pattern facing portion and the second pattern facing portion, at least one of the first ground conductor pattern and the second ground conductor pattern is located between the first wiring pattern and the second wiring pattern.

Abstract: Provided is a transmission system capable of improving the SN ratio for noise superimposed on a transmission line and extending the dynamic range. The transmission system transmits a signal between a transmitter (1) and a receiver (3), which are connected to each other via a transmission line (2). The transmitter (1) includes a transmission amplifier (11) for stepping up an amplitude of an input signal.

Abstract: Provided is a transmission system capable of improving the SN ratio for noise superimposed on a transmission line and extending the dynamic range. The transmission system transmits a signal between a transmitter (1) and a receiver (3), which are connected to each other via a transmission line (2). The transmitter (1) includes a transmission amplifier (11) for stepping up an amplitude of an input signal.

Abstract: Provided is an optical module in which wiring density may be reduced to ensure isolation between lines to reduce crosstalk. A flexible printed circuit includes: dielectric layers; a first pattern facing portion including a first ground conductor pattern and a first wiring pattern electrically connected to an electric terminal, which are facing each other through the dielectric layer; and a second pattern facing portion including a second ground conductor pattern and a second wiring pattern electrically connected to the electric terminal, which are facing each other through the dielectric layer, the second pattern facing portion facing the first pattern facing portion, in which when the dielectric layer is bent along a portion between the first pattern facing portion and the second pattern facing portion, at least one of the first ground conductor pattern and the second ground conductor pattern is located between the first wiring pattern and the second wiring pattern.

Abstract: An electronic control system has an engine control computer and a throttle control computer. The engine control computer has a monitor program separate from an engine control program. The monitor program is for checking the operation of the throttle control computer and executed by the engine control computer as a timer interrupt routine. A watch dog timer is connected to the engine control computer to detect malfunction of the monitor program in response to a watch dog pulse produced during the execution of the monitor program. The watch dog timer disables an electronic throttle control by the throttle control computer upon detection of the malfunction of the monitor program. At the same time, the engine control mode is changed from a normal engine control to an engine power reduction control thereby to ensure a limp-home operation of the engine.

Abstract: When transistors are switching-controlled by a microcomputer, on the basis of the absolute value of a value obtained by subtracting an actual opening angle value from an instruction value generated from the microcomputer for the opening angle of a throttle valve serving as a driven apparatus which is driven by a d.c. motor, a current flowing through each of resistors detected by comparators, and voltages at both ends of a resistor detected via each of the buffers, the microcomputer determines an abnormality in the d.c. motor and the throttle valve and an abnormality in the transistors or the power supply path while distinguishing those from each other.

Abstract: A heat pump system usable as an air-conditioning apparatus, a refrigeration apparatus, or a temperature-conditioning apparatus, having stable cooling, heating, or freezing capacity without significant influence from the difference in height between the expansion valve and the compressor, and the length of piping of the refrigerant circulation line, which system comprises a pressure sensing means for measuring the pressure in the refrigerant line immediately upstream of the expansion valve; optionally a pressure sensing means for measuring the pressure in the refrigerant line immediately downstream of the compressor; and an energy-supplying mechanism for exerting energy onto the refrigerant when the measured pressure is lower than a predetermined value, thereby controlling the pressure in the high pressure refrigerant line.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus for heating or cooling a room, having a flow control or heat capacity control mechanism for conducting, when heating the room, at least one of the steps of: exerting energy onto the refrigerant; reducing heat exchanged between the air surrounding the evaporator and the refrigerant passing through the evaporator; and enlarging the opening of the expansion valve, thereby preventing the liquid refrigerant from flowing into the compressor, and efficiently conducting heating operation when the outside temperature is very low or when refrigerant circulation pipes are long.

Abstract: A throttle control CPU drives an electric motor throttle valve control based on an accelerator position. When detecting an abnormality in the throttle opening control system, a main CPU stops driving the electric motor and controls fuel injection amount and/or ignition timing to curb engine output torque increases otherwise caused by a valve opening movement (performed until a cooperative member connected to the throttle valve contacts a restricting member mechanically connected to the accelerator pedal). Thereafter, opening of the throttle valve is regulated according to the accelerator pedal position while the restricting member and the cooperative member remain in contact. The control apparatus smoothly shifts the throttle opening regulation to the fail-safe mode when an abnormality occurs by actively controlling engine speed changes during mode transition.

Abstract: A radiation curable resin having at least two (meth)acryloyl groups at both terminal ends of a molecular chain which is obtained by reaction of (1) a polyester polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol, (2) a diisocyanate, (3) a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group therein, and optionally (4) a compound having at least two active hydrogens in the molecule is disclosed. The resin has at least two (meth)acryloyl groups at a terminal end of the molecular chain. The molecular weight of the resin is 1,000 to 50,000, the urethane bonding concentration is not more than 3,000 equivalent/10.sup.6 g and the (meth)acryloyl group concentration is 100 to 6,000 equivalent/10.sup.6 g. A radiation curable resin composition containing the resin and a precoated metal using the composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: A radiation curable resin which is a polyurethane acrylate having (meth)acryloyloxy groups at the terminal end of the molecule and in the molecular chain thereof, and containing metal sulfonate groups in the molecule in a ratio of 3.0 to 1,500 equivalent/10.sup.6 g of the resin, said polyurethane acrylate being obtained by reaction of(1) a copolyester having hydroxyl groups at both terminal ends of the molecule and containing metal sulfonate groups therein,(2) a diisocyanate,(3) a compound (A) having at least one (meth)acryloyloxy group and two hydroxyl groups,(4) a compound (B) having at least one (meth)acryloyloxy group and one hydroxyl group, and optionally(5) a polyol other than the above (1) or (3). the radiation curable resin containing a compound (C) having at least one carboxylic acid group and two hydroxyl groups in addition to the above components (1) to (5) is also disclosed.