Abstract: A planar heating apparatus includes a substrate, first electrodes on the substrate, second electrodes alternately arranged with the first electrodes, an electrode connector connecting end portions of the first or second electrodes to each other and a power connector connected to the electrode connector and to which a power supply is connected. The power connector extends outside of the substrate.

Abstract: An electric oven includes a top plate and a bottom plate facing each other, two side plates facing each other, and a rear plate connecting the top plate, the bottom plate and the two side plates where the top plate, the bottom plate, the two side plates and the rear plate define a cavity having a front opening, a door which selectively opens and closes the front opening of the cavity, a casing which surrounds the cavity, a support member interposed between the casing and the cavity, and one or more planar heating elements which extend along one plane, are detachably supported by the support member, and apply radiant heat to the cavity.

Abstract: A heating element includes a plurality of matrix particles and a conductive inorganic filler disposed at interfaces between the plurality of matrix particles to provide a conductive network.

Abstract: A heating element includes a plurality of matrix particles and a conductive inorganic filler disposed at interfaces between the plurality of matrix particles to provide a conductive network.

Abstract: A composite material structure including a matrix material layer; and a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructure distributed in the matrix material layer and having an electrical conductivity which is greater than an electrical conductivity of the matrix material layer, wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures includes a first one-dimensional nanostructure and a second one-dimensional nanostructure in contact with each other.

Abstract: A planar heating device includes a substrate, first and second electrodes disposed on both ends of the substrate, a heating layer disposed on the substrate and configured to contact the first and second electrodes, a first additional heating layer disposed on one end of the heating layer, and a second additional heating layer disposed on the other end of the heating layer.

Abstract: A conductive composite including: a polymer matrix including a microcellulose fiber; and at least two conductive nanomaterials dispersed in the polymer matrix, wherein the conductive nanomaterial includes a metal nanowire, wherein the at least two of the conductive nanomaterials provide an assembled layer surrounding a surface of the microcellulose fiber.

Abstract: A transparent electrode includes a substrate; a first layer disposed on the substrate, the first layer including a graphene mesh structure, the graphene mesh structure including graphene and a plurality of holes; and a second layer disposed on the first layer, wherein the second layer includes a plurality of conductive nanowires.

Abstract: A heating element includes a plurality of matrix particles and a conductive inorganic filler disposed at interfaces between the plurality of matrix particles to provide a conductive network.

Abstract: A planar heating apparatus includes a substrate, first electrodes on the substrate, second electrodes alternately arranged with the first electrodes, an electrode connector connecting end portions of the first or second electrodes to each other and a power connector connected to the electrode connector and to which a power supply is connected. The power connector extends outside of the substrate.

Abstract: An electric oven includes a top plate and a bottom plate facing each other, two side plates facing each other, and a rear plate connecting the top plate, the bottom plate and the two side plates where the top plate, the bottom plate, the two side plates and the rear plate define a cavity having a front opening, a door which selectively opens and closes the front opening of the cavity, a casing which surrounds the cavity, a support member interposed between the casing and the cavity, and one or more planar heating elements which extend along one plane, are detachably supported by the support member, and apply radiant heat to the cavity.

Abstract: A sheet heater includes a substrate; a first and second finger electrode each on the substrate to lengthwise extend in a first direction and be spaced apart from each other in a second direction; and a heating layer on the substrate to have a stripe shape lengthwise extended in the second direction to cross each of the first and second finger electrodes. The first finger electrode or the second finger electrode crossed by the heating layer is a pattern electrode in which an opening is defined, for the pattern electrode in which the opening is defined, an opening ratio is defined by a total planar area of the opening to a total planar area of the pattern electrode, and the opening ratio is in a range from about 40% to about 80%.

Abstract: A composite filler structure includes a substrate, a filler layer spaced apart from the substrate and comprising a matrix material layer and a plurality of conductive filler particles, an electrode in contact with the filler layer and configured to provide an electrical signal to the filler layer, and an insulating layer between the substrate and the electrode, and including an alkali oxide in an amount of about 7 weight percent or less, based on a total weight of the composite filler structure.

Abstract: The electric oven includes a case having a tubular shape with an open front face and accommodates food therein, an inner frame in the case, which has a plurality of external surfaces and defining a cavity which is a heating region of the food, a plurality of sheet heaters arranged on the external surfaces of the inner frame, and first and second electrodes connected to opposite edges of each of the sheet heaters, respectively. A plurality of thermal diffusion layers is disposed on corners of the external surfaces of the inner frame.

Abstract: A composite material structure including a matrix material layer; and a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructure distributed in the matrix material layer and having an electrical conductivity which is greater than an electrical conductivity of the matrix material layer, wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures includes a first one-dimensional nanostructure and a second one-dimensional nanostructure in contact with each other.

Abstract: A heating element includes a matrix; and a plurality of conductive fillers, wherein some of the plurality of conductive fillers include first nano-sheets and first metal media configured to reduce a contact resistance between the first nano-sheets.

Abstract: A planar heating device includes a substrate, first and second electrodes disposed on both ends of the substrate, a heating layer disposed on the substrate and configured to contact the first and second electrodes, a first additional heating layer disposed on one end of the heating layer, and a second additional heating layer disposed on the other end of the heating layer.

Abstract: A conductor includes a substrate, a first conductive layer disposed on the substrate and including two or more islands including graphene, and a second conductive layer disposed on the first conductive layer and including a conductive metal nanowire, wherein at least one of an upper surface and a lower surface of the islands including graphene includes a P-type dopant.

Abstract: An electrical conductor including a substrate, a first conductive layer including graphene, and a second conductive layer including a conductive metal nanowire, wherein the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are disposed on the substrate, wherein the first conductive layer is disposed between the substrate and the second conductive layer or on the second conductive layer, wherein the first conductive layer has a first surface facing the second conductive layer and a second surface which is opposite to the first surface, and wherein, in the first surface and the second surface, the graphene is p-doped with a p-type dopant.

Abstract: A magnetic composite includes a polymeric substrate and a magnetic material including a Z-type phase and represented by the following Chemical Formula: Ba1.5-xSr1.5-xCa2xM2Fe24O41??Chemical Formula wherein, in the Chemical Formula, M is at least one selected from Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ti, Al, Zn, and Zr, and 0?x<0.3.