Abstract: A first pigment made of a coloring pigment having a primary average particle diameter of 200 nm or smaller or, or made of carbon black having an average particle diameter of a structure of 100 nm or smaller, and a second pigment made of barium sulfate having a primary average particle diameter of 55 nm or smaller are combined so that a value of (acid amount-base amount) of one pigment becomes positive, and a value of (acid amount-base amount) of other pigment becomes negative, and the combined first and second pigments are dispersed in a medium in the presence of a pigment dispersant.

Abstract: A method for producing a multi layered coating film, by applying a base coating composition as defined in the specification on an article to form a base coating; applying a first clear coating composition as defined in the specification on the base coating to form a first clear coating thereon; subjecting both the base coating and the first clear coating thereon to baking and/or curing to form a cured base coating film and a cured first clear coating film thereon; sanding or polishing at least one part of the cured first clear coating film to form a partially sanded or polished first clear coating film; applying a second clear coating composition as defined in the specification all over the first clear coating film to form a second clear coating; and subjecting the second clear coating to baking and/or curing to form a cured second clear coating film.

Abstract: A first pigment made of a coloring pigment having a primary average particle diameter of 200 nm or smaller or, or made of carbon black having an average particle diameter of a structure of 100 nm or smaller, and a second pigment made of barium sulfate having a primary average particle diameter of 55 nm or smaller are combined so that a value of (acid amount-base amount) of one pigment becomes positive, and a value of (acid amount-base amount) of other pigment becomes negative, and the combined first and second pigments are dispersed in a medium in the presence of a pigment dispersant.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of forming a composite coating film having high flip-flop properties by applying a water-based base coat coating to a substrate, then applying a clear top coat coating thereonto and curing both coatings simultaneously while controlling the interlayer imbibing or inversion of coating films under high humidity conditions. The present invention provides a method of forming a composite coating film by applying a water-based base coat coating to a substrate and then applying a clear top coat coating thereonto, wherein the water-based base coat coating comprises: a polyether polyol having at least 0.02 primary hydroxyl group, on average, per molecule, a number average molecular weight of 300 to 3,000 and a water tolerance of not less than 2.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of forming a composite coating film having high flip-flop properties by applying a water-based base coat coating to a substrate, then applying a clear top coat coating thereonto and curing both coatings simultaneously while controlling the interlayer imbibing or inversion of coating films under high humidity conditions.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a water-based metallic coating composition capable of providing coatings having a better appearance, superior in luster, even under high humidity conditions, as compared with the prior art water-based coating compositions.