Abstract: A method of installing a fixture or bracket in a fuselage structure of an aircraft or spacecraft. The method includes arranging an apparatus in, on or adjacent the structure, pre-treating a surface region of the structure by heat ablation using the apparatus and forming the fixture in situ on the structure at the pre-treated surface region using the apparatus based on a digital model of the fixture. The fixture is installed by connecting the fixture to the structure at the pre-treated surface region as the fixture is formed.

Abstract: A method of installing a fixture or bracket in a fuselage structure of an aircraft or spacecraft. The method includes arranging an apparatus in, on or adjacent the structure, pre-treating a surface region of the structure by heat ablation using the apparatus and forming the fixture in situ on the structure at the pre-treated surface region using the apparatus based on a digital model of the fixture. The fixture is installed by connecting the fixture to the structure at the pre-treated surface region as the fixture is formed.

Abstract: A method of installing a fixture, such as a bracket, in a fuselage structure of an aircraft or spacecraft, includes providing or generating a three-dimensional digital model of the fixture; arranging a head of an additive manufacturing apparatus in, on or adjacent the fuselage structure; and forming the fixture in situ in or on the fuselage structure with the head of the additive manufacturing apparatus based upon the digital model of the fixture. The fixture is installed in or on the fuselage structure by bonding or fusing the fixture to the fuselage structure as the fixture is formed, and the step of forming the fixture in situ includes: forming an anchored portion of the fixture which is non-movably fixed to the structure; and forming an operable portion of the fixture which is movable relative to the anchored portion.

Abstract: A method of producing a three-dimensional photonic crystal by laminating a layer having a periodic structure, the method including the steps of forming a first structure and a second structure each including the layer having the periodic structure; and bonding a first bonding layer of the first structure and a second bonding layer of the second structure. The first bonding layer is one layer obtained by dividing a layer constituting the three-dimensional photonic crystal at a cross section perpendicular to a lamination direction, and the second bonding layer is the other layer obtained by dividing the layer constituting the three-dimensional photonic crystal at the cross section perpendicular to the lamination direction.

Abstract: A method of producing a three-dimensional photonic crystal by laminating a layer having a periodic structure, the method including the steps of forming a first structure and a second structure each including the layer having the periodic structure; and bonding a first bonding layer of the first structure and a second bonding layer of the second structure. The first bonding layer is one layer obtained by dividing a layer constituting the three-dimensional photonic crystal at a cross section perpendicular to a lamination direction, and the second bonding layer is the other layer obtained by dividing the layer constituting the three-dimensional photonic crystal at the cross section perpendicular to the lamination direction.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide, which includes a three-dimensional photonic crystal including a first linear defect and a second linear defect. The first linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures and is formed of a medium different from the columnar structures. The second linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures extending in the longitudinal direction of the first linear defect and is formed of a medium having a refractive index different from that of the medium used for the columnar structures. The second linear defect is separated from the first linear defect by a distance of at least 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period of the three-dimensional photonic crystal in a direction in which layers including the columnar structures are stacked.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for fabricating a three-dimensional photonic crystal. In the method for fabricating the three-dimensional photonic crystal, a plurality of layers can be defined as one unit, and the total thickness of the one unit can be controlled such that an average layer-thickness of the plurality of layers in the one unit is about equal to the ideal layer-thickness so that a photonic band-gap occurs in a desired wavelength region.

Abstract: A resonator with a three-dimensional photonic crystal having a fewer number of layers presenting a basic period, having a wide frequency band presenting a complete photonic band gap, and operating in a single mode, as well as a device using the same are provided, the three-dimensional photonic crystal including a period defect member and a period structure member having periodically laminated plural layers including a refractive-index periodic structure, the plural layers including first to fourth layers each having a periodic structure, the period defect member being provided by a columnar structure disposed at the second or fourth layer and on an axis of the columnar structure formed in the second or fourth layer.

Abstract: An optical modulation element includes a waveguide defined based on a defect in a photonic crystal, a carrier conducting region for conducting a carrier to the waveguide, an electrode for injecting a carrier into the carrier conducting region, and a current control unit for controlling the quantity of carrier to be conducted to the waveguide, wherein the photonic crystal and the electrode are made of a material containing TiO2 as a main composition, and wherein the current control unit functions to change the refractive index of a medium constituting the waveguide in accordance with the quantity of carrier conducted to the waveguide, thereby to modulate the light propagated through the waveguide.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for fabricating a three-dimensional photonic crystal. In the method for fabricating the three-dimensional photonic crystal, a plurality of layers can be defined as one unit, and the total thickness of the one unit can be controlled such that an average layer-thickness of the plurality of layers in the one unit is about equal to the ideal layer-thickness so that a photonic band-gap occurs in a desired wavelength region.

Abstract: A resonator is provided which is produced by a defect formed in a three-dimensional photonic crystal. The three-dimensional photonic crystal can include layers containing a plurality of columnar structures with discrete structures in sublayers.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting structure which can emit light having a plurality of wavelength distributions from a single light emitting structure, can be integrated at high density, and can control a radiation mode pattern of radiation light and polarization thereof. A stacked three-dimensional photonic crystal is composed of a plurality of three-dimensional photonic crystals having photonic band gaps different from one another, which are stacked. Each of the plurality of three-dimensional photonic crystals includes a resonator in which a point defect is formed.

Abstract: An optical modulation element includes a waveguide defined based on a defect in a photonic crystal, a carrier conducting region for conducting a carrier to the waveguide, an electrode for injecting a carrier into the carrier conducting region, and a current control unit for controlling the quantity of carrier to be conducted to the waveguide, wherein the photonic crystal and the electrode are made of a material containing TiO2 as a main composition, and wherein the current control unit functions to change the refractive index of a medium constituting the waveguide in accordance with the quantity of carrier conducted to the waveguide, thereby to modulate the light propagated through the waveguide.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for fabricating a three-dimensional photonic crystal. In the method for fabricating the three-dimensional photonic crystal, a plurality of layers can be defined as one unit, and the total thickness of the one unit can be controlled such that an average layer-thickness of the plurality of layers in the one unit is about equal to the ideal layer-thickness so that a photonic band-gap occurs in a desired wavelength region.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting structure which can emit light having a plurality of wavelength distributions from a single light emitting structure, can be integrated at high density, and can control a radiation mode pattern of radiation light and polarization thereof. A stacked three-dimensional photonic crystal is composed of a plurality of three-dimensional photonic crystals having photonic band gaps different from one another, which are stacked. Each of the plurality of three-dimensional photonic crystals includes a resonator in which a point defect is formed.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display includes an organic electroluminescent device, having a microcavity structure, for emitting light resonating in the microcavity structure; a light-shielding layer having an opening through which a portion of the light emitted from the organic electroluminescent device passes; and a light-gathering structure, disposed between the organic electroluminescent device and the light-shielding layer, for gathering the light emitted from the organic electroluminescent device.

Abstract: A resonator with a three-dimensional photonic crystal having a fewer number of layers presenting a basic period, having a wide frequency band presenting a complete photonic band gap, and operating in a single mode, as well as a device using the same are provided, the three-dimensional photonic crystal including a period defect member and a period structure member having periodically laminated plural layers including a refractive-index periodic structure, the plural layers including first to fourth layers each having a periodic structure, the period defect member being provided by a columnar structure disposed at the second or fourth layer and on an axis of the columnar structure formed in the second or fourth layer.

Abstract: For realizing an organic luminescence device of a high efficiency, the present invention provides an organic luminescence device having an anti-reflection film on a transparent electrode or on a moisture prevention layer.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide including a plurality of linear defects of a three-dimensional photonic crystal, the plurality of linear defects include a first defect formed by changing the medium of some of columnar structures to a medium different from that of the columnar structures and a second linear defect formed by shifting the position or changing the shape of some of the columnar structures extending in the same direction as the first linear defect, and the first linear defect and the second linear defect are disposed apart by 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period or more in the stacking direction of the three-dimensional photonic crystal.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional photonic crystal including a plurality of stacked layers having periodic structures where the thickness of the periodic structures in a layer are adjusted such that the layer satisfies the following equation: neff1×H1×M=neff×H wherein H1 represents the actual thickness of the layer, neff1 represents the actual refractive index of the periodic refractive index structure, H represents the design thickness of the layer, neff represents the design effective refractive index of the periodic refractive index structure, and M represents a coefficient inclusive and between 0.5 and 2.0.