Abstract: A toner for electrophotography containing at least a fixing resin, a coloring agent and a wax is a toner containing rice wax and carnauba wax as the wax constitutional component thereof. A cleaning unit employs the blade cleaning mode; and for the purposes of keeping the performance of the cleaning unit and preventing the generation of printing failure. The toner has a relationship between a charge amount X (i.e., an absolute value of charge amount of the toner, ?C/g) and a deposition amount Y (mg/cm2) satisfied with the following expression (1) or (2): X?21 ??(1) X>21 and Y??0.0329X+1.

Abstract: In the image forming apparatus by: visualizing an electrostatic latent image formed on an electrostatic charge carrying member; transferring a toner image, which is thus visualized, to a recording medium, or to a recording medium through an intermediate transfer material; and fixing the toner image, which is thus transferred to the recording medium, to obtain a recorded image, the toner includes at least a fixing resin, a colorant, a releasing agent, and an external additive, the toner has an average particle diameter in a range of from 4 to 12 ?m and including no particle having a diameter of 45 ?m or more, a ratio of a toner adhesion amount in a character part to a toner adhesion amount in a solid image part upon printing is more than 0.5 and less than 4, and the toner adhesion amount in a character part is 1.6 mg/cm2 or less.

Abstract: In the image forming apparatus by: visualizing an electrostatic latent image formed on an electrostatic charge carrying member; transferring a toner image, which is thus visualized, to a recording medium, or to a recording medium through an intermediate transfer material; and fixing the toner image, which is thus transferred to the recording medium, to obtain a recorded image, the toner includes at least a fixing resin, a colorant, a releasing agent, and an external additive, the toner has an average particle diameter in a range of from 4 to 12 ?m and including no particle having a diameter of 45 ?m or more, a ratio of a toner adhesion amount in a character part to a toner adhesion amount in a solid image part upon printing is more than 0.5 and less than 4, and the toner adhesion amount in a character part is 1.6 mg/cm2 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner comprising at least a fixing resin, a coloring agent, a release agent and a charge control agent, wherein the release agent is carnauba wax, the charge control agent is a boron complex of a salicylic acid derivative, and the fixing resin contains two kinds of polyester resins in ratio represented by the following equation (1); A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - A ? ( T fb ) B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - B ? ( T fb ) ? A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) × C B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) × D ? B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - B ? ( T fb ) A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - A ? ( T fb ) , ( 1 ) wherein in the above equation, A(T1/2)?A(Tfb)<B(T1/2)?B(Tfb), A(T1/2) represents a softening point (° C.) of the polyester A, A(Tfb) a flow-out start point (° C.) of the polyester A, B(T1/2) a softening point (° C.) of the polyester B, B(Tfb) a flow-out start point (° C.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrostatic charge image developing toner containing a fixing resin and a wax, characterized in that in a DSC curve measured by a differential scanning calorimeter for the wax, a maximum endothermic peak of endothermic peaks at temperature up is less than 70° C., on-set temperature attributable to the maximum endothermic peak is above 50° C., and lowest on-set temperature of on-set temperatures attributable to endothermic peaks except the maximum endothermic peak is in a range of from 30° C. to 40° C.

Abstract: In the image forming apparatus by: visualizing an electrostatic latent image formed on an electrostatic charge carrying member; transferring a toner image, which is thus visualized, to a recording medium, or to a recording medium through an intermediate transfer material; and fixing the toner image, which is thus transferred to the recording medium, to obtain a recorded image, the toner includes at least a fixing resin, a colorant, a releasing agent, and an external additive, the toner has an average particle diameter in a range of from 4 to 12 ?m and including no particle having a diameter of 45 ?m or more, a ratio of a toner adhesion amount in a character part to a toner adhesion amount in a solid image part upon printing is more than 0. 5 and less than 4, and the toner adhesion amount in a character part is 1.6 mg/cm2 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner comprising at least a fixing resin, a coloring agent, a release agent and a charge control agent, wherein the release agent is carnauba wax, the charge control agent is a boron complex of a salicyclic acid derivative, and the fixing resin contains two kinds of polyester resins in ratio represented by the following equation (1); A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - A ? ( T fb ) B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - B ? ( T fb ) ? A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) × C B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) × D ? B ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - B ? ( T fb ) A ? ( T 1 / 2 ) - A ? ( T fb ) , ( 1 ) wherein in the above equation, A(T1/2)?A(Tfb)<B(T1/2)?B(Tfb), A(T1/2) represents a softening point (° C.) of the polyester A, A(Tfb) a flow-out start point (° C.) of the polyester A, B(T1/2) a softening point (° C.) of the polyester B, B(Tfb) a flow-out start point (° C.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography containing at least a fixing resin, a coloring agent and a wax is a toner containing rice wax and carnauba wax as the wax constitutional component thereof. A cleaning unit employs the blade cleaning mode; and for the purposes of keeping the performance of the cleaning unit and preventing the generation of printing failure. The toner has a relationship between a charge amount X (i.e., an absolute value of charge amount of the toner, ?C/g) and a deposition amount Y (mg/cm2) satisfied with the following expression (1) or (2): X?21 ??(1) X>21 and Y??0.0329X+1.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrostatic charge image developing toner containing a fixing resin and a wax, characterized in that in a DSC curve measured by a differential scanning calorimeter for the wax, a maximum endothermic peak of endothermic peaks at temperature up is less than 70° C., on-set temperature attributable to the maximum endothermic peak is above 50° C., and lowest on-set temperature of on-set temperatures attributable to endothermic peaks except the maximum endothermic peak is in a range of from 30° C. to 40° C.

Abstract: In an electrostatic charge image developing toner containing at least a fixing resin and a wax, assume that the wax is used as one type wax or a mixed system of K types (K is an integer in excess of 2) waxes, Tn (°C.) is an onset temperature of an absorbed heat quantity curve of a wax constitutive component N in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and Wn (wt %) is a compound rate occupied in an overall wax, the toner that satisfies predetermined relationships among them is obtained.

Abstract: A photocoupler according to the present invention includes: an optical waveguide including a substrate, at least a first dielectric layer provided on the substrate, the first dielectric layer having a tapered structure whose thickness varies in an x-direction in which light is propagated after coupling, and a second dielectric layer provided on the first dielectric layer; a light incidence component provided above the optical waveguide, which causes light incident thereon to be directed toward a surface of the optical waveguide at a prescribed angle; and a bonding section for bonding the light incidence component to the optical waveguide. The bonding section has an edge surface which makes contact with the surface of the waveguide in a straight line and has a portion which makes contact with neither the light incidence component nor the surface of the optical waveguide. The tapered structure of the first dielectric layer has a shape set such that a radiation pattern of light with a wavelength .lambda.

Abstract: In an image printer performing multi-color printing, two magnetic poles having the same polarity are provided adjacent to each other in a position facing the printing body of the second developing agent holding body provided in the second developing unit, and development is performed under a condition satisfying the following formulas;B1.ltoreq.1100,1000.ltoreq.B2.ltoreq.1200,-300.ltoreq.B1-B2.ltoreq.0,F.apprxeq.0where B1 (gauss) is a magnetic flux density on the surface of the developing agent holding body of one magnetic pole of the magnetic poles arranged in the downstream side of the transmitting direction of the developing agent, and B2 (gauss) is a magnetic flux density on the surface of the developing agent holding body of the other magnetic pole of the magnetic poles arranged in the upstream side of the transmitting direction of the developing agent, and F (gf) is a rubbing force to the printing body of the magnetic brush in the second developing unit.

Abstract: An optical fiber type magneto-optical head is capable of realizing satisfactory reductions in size and weight of a movable portion of an optical head. An extinction-type form of the optical fiber type magneto-optical head comprises a first optical device for condensing a polarized light beam and leading the light beam into a polarization-maintaining optical fiber, a second optical device for focusing light emerging from the optical fiber into a beam spot on a magnetic recording medium, a detector for detecting via the optical fiber light reflected from the magnetic recording medium with a change in polarized state, and an azimuth rotator disposed between the second optical device and the optical fiber, wherein the azimuth rotator is designed so that the angle of optical rotation upon one pass therethrough is.theta.k/2.+-.n.multidot.45.degree.where.theta.k/2.+-. : the Kerr rotation angle of a magnetic recording film of the recording medium,N= 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Abstract: In a focusing error detecting method for an optical head wherein a laser beam from a laser light source is applied to a magneto-optical recording medium to form an image as a light spot thereon, and a focusing error is detecting according to a reflected light from the magneto-optical recording medium, the focusing error detecting method includes a step of dividing the reflected light from the magneto-optical recording medium into a 0-th order light, a +1-st order light and a -1-st order light by a diffraction grating, a step of applying the +1-st order light and the -1-st order light to a first detector and a second detector, respectively, the first and second detectors being arranged before and behind a beam emitting position of the laser light source, respectively and a step of computing outputs from the first and second detectors to obtain a focusing error signal.

Abstract: An avalanche photodiode including a substrate, a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type having a relatively large band gap, a second semiconductor region of a second conductivity type having a relatively large band gap, and a third semiconductor region of the first conductivity type having a band gap smaller than the band gap of the first and second semiconductor regions, is disclosed in which, in order to suppress an increase in dark current and to cause the avalanche photodiode to operate on a low voltage, a fourth semiconductor region equal in conductivity type to and larger in impurity concentration than the first semiconductor region is formed in the first semiconductor region at a position below a central portion of a pn junction formed between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. The avalanche photodiode formed with this structure has low-noise and low operation voltage characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photo-detective semiconductor device having, on a predetermined semiconductor substrate, at least a first semiconductor layer which exhibits a first conductivity type, a second semiconductor layer which is disposed on said first semiconductor layer, which has a forbidden band gap greater than that of said first semiconductor layer and which exhibits the first conductivity type, and a p-n junction which is formed by a region disposed in said second semiconductor layer and exhibiting a second conductivity type; characterized by comprising a third semiconductor layer which is disposed on said second semiconductor layer, which exhibits the first conductivity type and which has a surface protective function. The third semiconductor layer is usually made of a group III-V compound semiconductor of a quaternary system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor laser device having at least an optical confinement region which includes a first semiconductor layer, and second and third semiconductor layers holding the first semiconductor layer therebetween and having a greater band gap and a lower refractive index than those of the first semiconductor layer, the second and third semiconductor layers having conductivity types opposite to each other; characterized in that the relationship between a donor density (N.sub.D .times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3) of the n-conductivity type semiconductor layer in the second and third semiconductor layers and a proportion (.GAMMA..sub.n %) of an optical output existing in the n-conductivity type semiconductor layer relative to a total optical output of the laser is set at N.sub.D .times..GAMMA..sub.n .gtoreq.500. Noise characteristics are sharply improved.

Abstract: An optical semiconductor device includes a light emitting element disposed on a silicon sub-mount having a light receiving element formed in a surface region. By virtue of integral arrangement of the light emitting element and the light receiving element, a single lens can be used for both optical transmission and optical reception, whereby an optical communication system can be manufactured very inexpensively. Further, transmission and reception can be carried out simultaneously.

Abstract: A light detector device comprises at least one pair made up of a light sensitive photodiode and a light signal reading MIS transistor switch. The pair is formed on an insulating substrate such as sapphire. The source region of the MIS transistor switch is contiguous with a photosensitive pn junction of the photodiode. The source, drain and channel regions of the MIS transistor switch reach the insulating substrate, thereby reducing the area of pn junction of the MIS transistor and hence the junction capacitance so that high signal output is available from the photodiode with high S/N ratio.

Abstract: A photo-semiconductor device includes an active region of semiconductor material in which carriers contributing to a photocurrent are generated by the irradiation of incident light. On one surface of the active region is formed a main junction towards which those carriers move. In the active region is buried an additional region to form at the interface between the additional and active regions an additional junction which attracts a substantial portion of thermally generated carriers. The remaining portion of the thermally generated carriers is partially recombined internally and partially attracted to the main junction. Thus, dark current is reduced.