Abstract: In an active matrix substrate for allowing a point defect of a defect pixel portion, among a plurality of pixel portions arranged two-dimensionally, to be repaired by radiation of energy, the active matrix substrate includes one of a first protection member for absorbing excessive energy power and preventing pieces of a conductive material from being scattered; and a second protection member for preventing pieces of a conductive material from being scattered and for preventing a conductive layer from bulging. One of the first protection member and the second protection member is provided above at least one energy radiation portion.

Abstract: An active substrate is provided, which comprises a switching element comprising a first drive region and a second drive region, a signal line being connected to the first drive region, a pixel electrode connected to the second drive region, a first layer comprising at least one of a semiconductor material and a conductive material, and connected to the pixel electrode, a second layer comprising at least one of a semiconductor material and a conductive material, and connected to the signal line; and an insulating film provided between the first layer and the second layer. At least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer overlap each other so that the first layer and the second layer are short-circuited by applying first energy to the insulating film.

Abstract: A display device comprising a plurality of picture elements arranged in rows and columns, each picture element being switchable between at least two states having different optical output characteristics, a plurality of row and column drivers, connected to said rows and columns respectively, for switching said picture elements between said states, wherein at least one switch is provided for switching at least one of said drivers between a first configuration in which the driver drives at least one row or column, and a second configuration, different from said first configuration, in which the driver drives at least two rows or columns.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal panel including a plurality of scanning electrodes, a plurality of signal electrodes crossing the scanning electrodes, a ferroelectric liquid crystal material having two stable orientation states corresponding to different memory angles and provided at intersections of the plurality of scanning electrodes and the plurality of signal electrodes to form a plurality of pixels is driven. The plurality of pixels each have a first threshold characteristic regarding a voltage for switching a display state of the pixel into a non-display state and a second threshold characteristic regarding a voltage for switching the non-display state of the pixel into the display state.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus using a ferroelectric liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy in which a blanking pulse having a width that is at least twice of a selecting period and a polarity opposite to a strobe pulse to be applied to a scanning electrode in the selecting period is applied to the scanning electrode before the selecting period during one frame period. Another liquid crystal display apparatus using a ferroelectric liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy in which a strobe pulse is applied to a scanning electrode in a trailing part of the selecting period and a predetermined period that follows the selecting period. A blanking pulse of opposite polarity to the strobe pulse is applied to the scanning electrode before the selecting period in one frame period. A non-selecting period which is at least three times longer than the selecting period is provided between the blanking pulse and the selecting period.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal cell including a pair of substrates opposite to each other, each substrate having an electrode film and an orientation control layer thereon, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal filled between the substrates; and a pair of polarizing plates which are provided opposite to each other in the state of "cross nicol" on both sides of the liquid crystal cell; the ferroelectric liquid crystal being bistable in the liquid crystal cell, the polarizing plates being oriented in such a manner that one of their polarizing directions conforms to one of extinction positions of the ferroelectric liquid crystal under no electric field, the liquid crystal cell being applied with an alternating voltage for changing which has a positive portion which gives an apparent tilt angle from one stable state, and a negative portion which gives an apparent tilt angle relative to the other stable state, resulting in display with gray scale.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display for improving switching time and contrast comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a C2U orientation, a negative dielectric anisotropy and driven by a rewriting voltage for turning a pixel on and off which is smaller than the non-rewriting voltage.