Abstract: A method of training a rodent to identify pairs of same or different odors, whereby the rodent learns the rule irrespective of the particular odors. Once trained, the rodent can be used to measure perceptual odor similarities between members of pairs of odors, which odors may be unrelated to the odors the rodent was trained on.

Abstract: A polyamic acid that has a fluorine atom content of 25 wt % or less and an amount of a fluorine-containing diamine in the polyamic acid is 70 mol % or more with respect to 100 mol % of a sum of diamine components. The total number of moles of tetracarboxylic acid component in the polyamic acid is 0.960 times or more and less than 1.000 time total number of moles of diamine component. The polyamic acid preferably has the structural unit represented by formula (1) and the structural unit represented by formula (2). The polyamic acid may contain trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine as the diamine component.

Abstract: A polyamic acid according to one or more embodiments of the present invention contains a structural unit represented by general formula (1) and a structural unit represented by general formula (2). In general formula (1), the plurality of R1s are each independently a hydrogen atom, a monovalent aliphatic group or an aromatic group. In general formula (2), the plurality of R2s are each independently an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6-10 carbon atoms. In general formulas (1) and (2), X is a tetravalent organic group. In general formula (2), the plurality of Ys are each independently an alkylene group having 1-3 carbon atoms or an arylene group having 6-10 carbon atoms, and m is an integer of 51-199.

Abstract: A polyamic acid that has a fluorine atom content of 25 wt % or less and an amount of a fluorine-containing diamine in the polyamic acid is 70 mol % or more with respect to 100 mol % of a sum of diamine components. The total number of moles of tetracarboxylic acid component in the polyamic acid is 0.960 times or more and less than 1.000 time total number of moles of diamine component. The polyamic acid preferably has the structural unit represented by formula (1) and the structural unit represented by formula (2). The polyamic acid may contain trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine as the diamine component.

Abstract: A packaging container with an opening and closing lid, an opening is cut in an edge of the lid-raising member of a rear-side plate on a side of a lid-raising member of the inner case. A stopper is formed on part of the incision opening. An upper end edge of the stopper is an incision edge of the opening arranged at the lowest position of descent of an outer-case locking member and lower than a height position of inner-case locking member. The stopper approaches the outer-case locking member as the inner case moves upward. The outer-case locking member has at least a part of a stopper-corresponding portion in contact against the incision edge being the stopper, so that the outer-case locking member, which moves downward relative to the upward movement of the inner case, is in contact against the part that is the lowest position of descent thereof.

Abstract: A packaging container with an opening and closing lid, an opening is cut in an edge of the lid-raising member of a rear-side plate on a side of a lid-raising member of the inner case. A stopper is formed on part of the incision opening. An upper end edge of the stopper is an incision edge of the opening arranged at the lowest position of descent of an outer-case locking member and lower than a height position of inner-case locking member. The stopper approaches the outer-case locking member as the inner case moves upward. The outer-case locking member has at least a part of a stopper-corresponding portion in contact against the incision edge being the stopper, so that the outer-case locking member, which moves downward relative to the upward movement of the inner case, is in contact against the part that is the lowest position of descent thereof.

Abstract: An abrasive that can impart a mirror finish, glossiness, or the like to a surface of a workpiece by blasting is provided. A crosslinked polyrotaxane compound having a network structure where crosslinking points are circular molecules of polyrotaxane and also having abrasive grains dispersedly mixed therein is obtained by causing chemical bonding between the circular molecules of the polyrotaxane in a state where the abrasive grains and the polyrotaxane are mixed. Then, the crosslinked polyrotaxane compound is granulated to a predetermined grain diameter to obtain a gel-like abrasive where a part of the dispersedly mixed abrasive grain is exposed at the surface. By using the thus-obtained gel-like abrasive in blasting by projecting the abrasive at an angle tilted with respect to a surface of a workpiece, mirror finishing or the like is possible without making the surface of the workpiece pearskin-like.

Abstract: An abrasive that can impart a mirror finish, glossiness, or the like to a surface of a workpiece by blasting is provided. A crosslinked polyrotaxane compound having a network structure where crosslinking points are circular molecules of polyrotaxane and also having abrasive grains dispersedly mixed therein is obtained by causing chemical bonding between the circular molecules of the polyrotaxane in a state where the abrasive grains and the polyrotaxane are mixed. Then, the crosslinked polyrotaxane compound is granulated to a predetermined grain diameter to obtain a gel-like abrasive where a part of the dispersedly mixed abrasive grain is exposed at the surface. By using the thus-obtained gel-like abrasive in blasting by projecting the abrasive at an angle tilted with respect to a surface of a workpiece, mirror finishing or the like is possible without making the surface of the workpiece pearskin-like.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a resin composition that is used as an optical material and has a low change in birefringence with external force, and a molding thereof. According to the present invention, there is provided a resin composition comprising an acrylic resin (a) and an aliphatic polyester resin (b).

Abstract: A polyphase full-wave rectifying circuit that is connected to a polyphase AC line having a neutral point includes DC output terminals and plural pairs of rectifying elements. Each pair is composed of two rectifying elements in series and these pairs are connected in parallel with each other between the DC output terminals. One of the pairs of rectifying elements is a pair of Zener type rectifying elements and the interconnection point of this pair is to the neutral point of the polyphase AC line. The other pairs are pairs of ordinary type rectifying elements, each interconnection point of these pairs is to each phase point of the polyphase AC line. Both internal surges and external surges are absorbed through the pair of Zener type elements. Therefore, the clamping voltages of the internal and external surges results in the same level, being twice as high as the Zener voltage. The peak voltage applied to one Zener type element reduces by half the surge peak voltage.