Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit configured to perform image formation on a sheet, a casing configured to house the image forming unit, an operation unit configured to receive an operation performed by a user, an electric wire extending from the casing to be connected to the operation unit and configured to transmit an electrical signal, a reinforcing member provided separate from and independent of the electric wire, the reinforcing member interconnecting the casing and the operation unit, and a covering configured to enclose therein the electric wire and the reinforcing member, wherein the reinforcing member is fixed to the casing and the operation unit in such a manner that a distance between a portion fixed to the casing and a portion fixed to the operation unit in the reinforcing member is shorter than a total length of the electric wire.

Abstract: A method for producing a cylinder head having a tubular exhaust port liner made of a ceramic material is disclosed. The method comprises providing a covering layer of refractory fibers around the outer circumference of the exhaust port liner, applying a metal cap over each end of the covered exhaust port liner and setting the covered exhaust port liner into a mold. A cylinder head then is cast around the exhaust port liner so that the portions of the metal caps contacting the cylinder head are fused to the cylinder head. The metal caps are bored out to open up the exhaust port after predetermined treatments are performed on the cylinder head.