Abstract: Siloxane compounds are removed from the atmospheres by silica supporting an organic sulfonic acid compound. The silica with the organic sulfonic acid compound has a specific surface area down to 500 m2/g and up to 750 m2/g and a pore volume down to 0.8 m3/g and up to 1.2 m3/g, both measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method and has a pore diameter down to 4 nm and up to 8 nm, at the peak of differential pore volume measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method. The durability of gas sensing element against siloxanes is improved.

Abstract: A gas detector comprises a gas detection unit and a filter introducing surrounding atmosphere to the gas detection unit. The filter comprises a gas-permeable organic polymer membrane having an acidic group or a basic group.

Abstract: A dye-sensitized solar cell includes: a first electrode including a porous semiconductor layer supporting a dye; a second electrode serving as a counter electrode of the first electrode; and an electrolyte solution filled between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrolyte solution contains a silane coupling agent.

Abstract: This invention relates to a functional device such as an FPGA carrying out a necessary function by programming, and provides a functional device, a function maintaining method and a function maintaining program which can maintain a function continuously. A plurality of function parts (FPGAs) is provided, and a function is maintained by switching from a function part, in which a failure is occurring, to a function part under stand-by. The plurality of function parts, a failure detection part (failure detection circuits) and a switching part (switching circuits) are provided, and a function part under operation and a function part under stand-by a reset. That is, the function part in which the failure is occurring is made into a stand-by state, and the function part which is under stand-by is made to operate.

Abstract: There is provided an exchange, an exchange control program, and an exchange control method capable of securing a communication channel when lines are crossed. An exchange is connected between a terminal and a network. The exchange comprises: a monitor section that monitors a state of the network; and a channel control section that secures, before transmission from the terminal on a call-out side, a channel for use in the transmission from the call-out side terminal when determining that the network state meets a predetermined line condition based on the monitor result of the monitor section and receiving a channel securing instruction from the call-out side terminal.

Abstract: A polishing solution, comprising copper ions and chloride ions in Cu/Cl molar ratio of 10?1 to 103 and at pH 0.5 to 10, is suited for polishing a surface composed of a nonferrous metal material such as copper or copper alloy. Thicker metal film can be polished at high removal rate, so that distribution in film thickness becomes uniform.

Abstract: This invention relates to a functional device such as an FPGA carrying out a necessary function by programming, and provides a functional device, a function maintaining method and a function maintaining program which can maintain a function continuously. A plurality of function parts (FPGAs) is provided, and a function is maintained by switching from a function part, in which a failure is occurring, to a function part under stand-by. The plurality of function parts, a failure detection part (failure detection circuits) and a switching part (switching circuits) are provided, and a function part under operation and a function part under stand-by a reset. That is, the function part in which the failure is occurring is made into a stand-by state, and the function part which is under stand-by is made to operate.

Abstract: A polishing solution, comprising copper ions and chloride ions in Cu/Cl molar ratio of 10?1 to 103 and at pH 0.5 to 10, is suited for polishing a surface composed of a nonferrous metal material such as copper or copper alloy. Thicker metal film can be polished at high removal rate, so that distribution in film thickness becomes uniform.

Abstract: An adaptive echo canceller for suppressing an echo in an input signal by a pseudo echo, includes a pseudo echo generation filter having a predicted impulse response sequence of an echo path as filter coefficients thereof for generating a pseudo echo, a coefficient renewal part for adaptively renewing the filter coefficients of the pseudo echo generation filter, and a part for suppressing an echo by the pseudo echo which is generated by the pseudo echo generation filter. The coefficient renewal part includes a part for dividing renewed filter coefficients into a plurality of groups each having a certain number of renewed filter coefficents, and a part for successively selecting one group with a predetermined period and carrying out a correction process with respect to the renewed filter coefficients within the selected group, where the correction process corrects an accumulation of errors of renewal processes.

Abstract: A differential coding circuit including a subtracter, a quantizer for quantizing a differential signal from the subtracter, and a predicted signal generating circuit for generating a predicted signal on the basis of a quantized differential signal from the quantizer. The subtracter subtracts the quantized differential signal of the quantizer and the predicted signal from the sampled input signal. The critical path of the circuit is shortened, therefore the operation speed of the differential coding circuit increases.

Abstract: A phase-locked loop circuit provides a phase comparator which receives input signals through a first input terminal, a loop filter which receives a first output and a second output of the phase comparator, and a voltage-controlled oscillator which produces output signals of an oscillation frequency proportional to the first output and the second output of the loop filter. The signals corresponding to the output signals produced by the voltage-controlled oscillator are supplied to a second input terminal of the phase comparator so that the phase of the signals supplied to the first input terminal of the phase comparator is compared with the phase of the signals supplied to the second input terminal.

Abstract: An impact crusher includes a shell housing, a main drive shaft, a first member mounted on the shaft, and a second member carried on and rotatable with respect to the first member. Impact members act against the inner lining of the housing to crush the material. The impact gap between the impact members and the housing lining is variable in a stepless fashion by a drive mechanism which rotates the first member relative to the second member to thereby drive the impact members radially. In one embodiment each impact member is driven by a pin which extends through the impact member and overlapping elongated holes in the first and second members. In other embodiments, a plurality of linking elements are employed. Weights may be provided to counter-balance the forces in the crusher resulting from the centrifugal forces of the impact members. These weights may also serve as an alternate set of impact members usable when the normal impact members become worn.