Abstract: An opening is made in a surface intercepting a wave propagating through space. An image of an object is formed on an intermediate surface from the wave passing through this opening. After wave conversion, that is to say, after the entity of a wave is converted into a detectable wave from which a two-dimensional image can be picked up, an image is picked up with a two-dimensional image pick-up device. Distortion caused by the two-dimensional image pick-up device is corrected using a calibration grid pattern provided on the intermediate surface. The intermediate surface provides a wave converting function, distortion calibrating function, distortion-free wide field of view ensuring function, and wave entity converting function, and a place of detection elements themselves.

Abstract: An object image digitizing device using an integrating sphere wave source is provided which makes the degree of spatial uniformity and temporal stability of the spatial uniformity of the wave irradiation distribution over the output port surface of the integrating sphere for illumination of the transmissive object as precise as the degree of the digitalization requires.

Abstract: An object image digitizing device using an integrating sphere wave source is provided which makes the degree of uniformity of the wave irradiation distribution over the output port surface of the integrating sphere for illumination of the transmissive object as precise as the degree of digitization requires and stabilizes in time the degree of uniformity The object image digitizing device comprises (a) an integrating sphere wave source in which the object illumination is spatially uniform and temporally stable, (b) a transmissive object mounting assembly placed near an output port of waves of the integrating sphere, and (c) a two-dimensional imaging device for imaging a transmissive object placed on the said mounting assembly and converting the object image into digital form, wherein the spherical shape of the integrating sphere is maintained in order to keep the uniform distribution of wave at the output port, and not to disturb the spherical distribution of the diffusive non-directive reflection layer of th

Abstract: An opening is made in a surface intercepting a wave propagating through space. An image of an object is formed on an intermediate surface from the wave passing through this opening. After wave conversion, that is to say, after the entity of a wave is converted into a detectable wave from which a two-dimensional image can be picked up, an image is picked up with a two-dimensional image pick-up device. Distortion caused by the two-dimensional image pick-up device is corrected using a calibration grid pattern provided on the intermediate surface. The intermediate surface provides a wave converting function, distortion calibrating function, distortion-free wide field of view ensuring function, and wave entity converting function, and a place of detection elements themselves.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for preventing formation of dew and/or ice on an optical glass window, with which formation of dew and/or ice is easily and simply prevented while an air turbulent disturbance is minimized and a deformation is inhibited as little as possible. A protective tube (6) covering an external atmosphere of a cooled optical glass window (2) and thermally insulated from the optical glass window (2) is provided so as to prevent the external atmosphere from being cooled in order to prevent the optical glass window (2) from having dew and/or ice formed thereon.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for preventing formation of dew and/or ice on an optical glass window, with which formation of dew and/or ice is easily and simply prevented while an air turbulent disturbance is minimized and a deformation is inhibited as little as possible. A protective tube (6) covering an external atmosphere of a cooled optical glass window (2) and thermally insulated from the optical glass window (2) is provided so as to prevent the external atmosphere from being cooled in order to prevent the optical glass window (2) from having dew and/or ice formed thereon.