Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: There is provided a charging member having charging performance that is not easily changed even by long-term use. The charging member includes an electro-conductive support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The elastic layer contains particles in such a manner that at least a part of the particles are exposed from the elastic layer, and thus a surface of the elastic layer is roughened. The particles are high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles. The surface of the elastic layer is covered with the surface layer in such a manner that the surface shape of the elastic layer is reflected in the surface shape of the charging member. The surface layer contains a high-molecular compound having a specific constitutional unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member that suppresses abnormal discharge which induces charging unevenness, and that has little contamination on a surface layer, to thereby enable uniform charging over a long period. The charging member includes a substrate, an elastic layer and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a polymer compound having constitutional units represented by the following general formula (1), chemical formula (2) and general formula (3), and having a Si—O—Ti bond, a Ti—O-M bond and a Si—O-M bond. M is any atom selected from the group consisting of V, Nb and W.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member whose surface is suppressed to adhesion of toner or an external additive and is not contaminated easily, and which is less likely to occur a track due to the contact between the charging member and a photosensitive member in an electrophotographic image. The charging member comprises a support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises: a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (1); a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (2); a polymer compound having a bond of Si—O—Ti; and phenyl-modified silicone oil having a particular structure.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a member for electrophotography capable of providing a high-quality electrophotographic image.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member having charging performance that is not easily changed even by long-term use. The charging member includes an electro-conductive support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The elastic layer contains particles in such a manner that at least a part of the particles are exposed from the elastic layer, and thus a surface of the elastic layer is roughened. The particles are high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles. The surface of the elastic layer is covered with the surface layer in such a manner that the surface shape of the elastic layer is reflected in the surface shape of the charging member. The surface layer contains a high-molecular compound having a specific constitutional unit.

Abstract: Provided a charging member which can prevent any contaminants deposited on a cleaning member from adhering thereto by making low a surface free energy and coefficient of friction thereof.

Abstract: Provided are the following charging member and a method of producing the charging member. The charging member has an improved charging ability and hence alleviates, in particular, a positive ghost. The charging member can maintain resistance to the adhesion of toner, a toner external additive, or the like over a long time period. The charging member for an electrophotographic apparatus comprises an electro-conductive support, an electro-conductive elastic layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a polymer compound having an Si—O—Ti linkage in a molecular structure thereof, and the polymer compound has each of constitutional units represented by a formula (1), a formula (2), and a formula (3) defined in the description. The method is a method of producing the charging member.

Abstract: Provided are the following charging member and a method of producing the charging member. The charging member has an improved charging ability and hence alleviates, in particular, a positive ghost. The charging member can maintain resistance to the adhesion of toner, a toner external additive, or the like over a long time period. The charging member for an electrophotographic apparatus comprises an electro-conductive support, an electro-conductive elastic layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a polymer compound having an Si—O—Ti linkage in a molecular structure thereof, and the polymer compound has each of constitutional units represented by a formula (1), a formula (2), and a formula (3) defined in the description. The method is a method of producing the charging member.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member hardly causing a cleaning failure to suppress occurrence of a vertical streak image in an electrophotographic apparatus. The charging member comprises a support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer comprises a polymer compound having at least one bond of Si—O-M bond and Si—O—Ta bond, at least one bond of M-O—Ge bond and Ta—O—Ge bond, and Si—O—Ge bond. M represents any element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf. The polymer compound has structural units represented by the formula (1) and (2), and at least one structural unit of structural units represented by the formula (3) and (4). The charging member has a crack extending from its surface to the elastic layer, and the crack has a convexly raised edge by which a surface of the charging member is roughened.

Abstract: A charging member for electrophotographic apparatus is provided which has a superior charging performance for the electrophotographic photosensitive member and also can not easily change with time in charging performance. The charging member has a substrate, an elastic layer and a surface layer, which surface layer contains a high-molecular compound having an Si—O—Ti linkage in the molecular structure and a cyclic polysilane represented by the general formula (7) defined in the specification, and the high-molecular compound has a constituent unit represented by the general formula (1) and a constituent unit represented by the following formula (2) which are defined in the specification.

Abstract: Provided a charging member which can prevent any contaminants deposited on a cleaning member from adhering thereto by making low a surface free energy and coefficient of friction thereof.