Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a charge transport layer and a protective layer sequentially laminated on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a charge transport compound having a chain polymerizable functional group; the charge transport layer and the protective layer are continuously laminated with intervening a mixed layer therebetween in which components of both layers of the charge transport layer and the protective layer are compatible; and the mixed layer has a thickness in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 ?m.

Abstract: A humidifying device includes an air inlet, an internal air passage through which air taken in from the air inlet passes, a first thermometer that measures a temperature of the air taken in from the air inlet, a first hygrometer that measures a humidity of the air taken in from the air inlet, a cooler installed in a path of the internal air passage, and a cooling control unit that controls the cooler. The cooling control unit changes a cooling intensity of the cooler in a case where values measured by the first thermometer and the first hygrometer are out of a predetermined range.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained by sequentially laminating at least a photosensitive layer and an outermost layer on a conductive support, wherein the outermost layer contains a polymerized and cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a filler, and the filler includes a conductive first filler surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain in a side chain, and a second filler having a relative dielectric constant which is lower than that of the first filler and 5 or less.

Abstract: A humidifying device includes an air inlet, an internal air passage through which air taken in from the air inlet passes, a first thermometer that measures a temperature of the air taken in from the air inlet, a first hygrometer that measures a humidity of the air taken in from the air inlet, a cooler installed in a path of the internal air passage, and a cooling control unit that controls the cooler. The cooling control unit changes a cooling intensity of the cooler in a case where values measured by the first thermometer and the first hygrometer are out of a predetermined range.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic image forming method using an electrophotographic photoconductor. The electrophotographic photoconductor has a protective layer. The surface of the protective layer has a projection structure. The average distance between neighboring projections among a plurality of projections R is set within the range of 100 to 250 nm. A toner including titanate compound particles attached to toner base particles is used.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cured outermost layer that includes a polymerized cured product including at least an inorganic filler and a phenol derivative. The inorganic filler is surface-modified with a surface modifier. The phenol derivative has a structure represented by Formula (1). In Formula (1), R1 and R3 each independently represent an alkyl group having three or more carbon atoms, R2 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and L1 represents a linking group having at least 10 atoms with an atomic number of 12 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charger that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an exposer that exposes the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developer that supplies a toner to the electrophotographic photoreceptor on which an electrostatic latent image is formed; a transferer that transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a cleaner that removes a residual toner remaining on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer, a surface of the outermost layer has a projection structure due to a ridge of the inorganic filler, the toner contains toner base particles and metal oxide particles as an external additive externally added to the toner base particles, 70% or more of the toner base particles are covered with the metal oxide particles as the external additive, and following formulas (1) to (3) are

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cured outermost layer that includes a polymerized cured product including at least an inorganic filler and a phenol derivative. The inorganic filler is surface-modified with a surface modifier. The phenol derivative has a structure represented by Formula (1). In Formula (1), R1 and R3 each independently represent an alkyl group having three or more carbon atoms, R2 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and L1 represents a linking group having at least 10 atoms with an atomic number of 12 or more.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic image forming method using an electrophotographic photoconductor. The electrophotographic photoconductor has a protective layer. The surface of the protective layer has a projection structure. The average distance between neighboring projections among a plurality of projections R is set within the range of 100 to 250 nm. A toner including titanate compound particles attached to toner base particles is used.

Abstract: Provide is an electrophotographic image forming method containing: a charging step, an exposure step, a developing step, a transfer step and a cleaning step by using a photoreceptor, wherein the charging step has a charging device for charging the surface of the photoreceptor; the photoreceptor has a protective layer, the protective layer contains a polymerized cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and an inorganic filler, a surface of the protective layer has a plurality of convex portions due to protrusion of the inorganic filler; in the developing step, a toner in which alumina particles are externally added to toner mother particles is used, and an average distance R between adjacent convex portions among the plurality of convex portions is set in the range of 100 to 250 nm.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer formed of a polymerized cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain, wherein a ratio (r/r?) between a number average primary particle diameter (r) of metal oxide particles which are untreated base particles of the metal oxide particles surface-treated with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain and a sphere equivalent particle diameter (r?) of the untreated base particles calculated from a specific surface area measured by a nitrogen adsorption method is 1.5 or more and 6.0 or less, and a surface treatment amount with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain per surface area of the untreated base particles is 0.0005 g/m2 or more and 0.0015 g/m2 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charger that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an exposer that exposes the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developer that supplies a toner to the electrophotographic photoreceptor on which an electrostatic latent image is formed; a transferer that transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a cleaner that removes a residual toner remaining on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer, a surface of the outermost layer has a projection structure due to a ridge of the inorganic filler, the toner contains toner base particles and metal oxide particles as an external additive externally added to the toner base particles, 70% or more of the toner base particles are covered with the metal oxide particles as the external additive, and following formulas (1) to (3) are

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained by sequentially laminating at least a photosensitive layer and an outermost layer on a conductive support, wherein the outermost layer contains a polymerized and cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a filler, and the filler includes a conductive first filler surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain in a side chain, and a second filler having a relative dielectric constant which is lower than that of the first filler and 5 or less.

Abstract: The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and an outermost layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, in which the outermost layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles having different number average primary particle diameters from each other, and at least one of the two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles is surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone chain as a side chain.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer formed of a polymerized cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain, wherein a ratio (r/r?) between a number average primary particle diameter (r) of metal oxide particles which are untreated base particles of the metal oxide particles surface-treated with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain and a sphere equivalent particle diameter (r?) of the untreated base particles calculated from a specific surface area measured by a nitrogen adsorption method is 1.5 or more and 6.0 or less, and a surface treatment amount with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain per surface area of the untreated base particles is 0.0005 g/m2 or more and 0.0015 g/m2 or less.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an image bearing member for electrophotography. The image bearing member has high mechanical properties which include abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, is excellent in toner releasability, and is capable of retaining these features. The present invention provides an image bearing member for electrophotography, which includes a surface layer, the surface layer being composed of a polymerization-cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and surface-treated metal oxide particles, and the surface-treated metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone side chain.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an image bearing member for electrophotography. The image bearing member has high mechanical properties which include abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, is excellent in toner releasability, and is capable of retaining these features. The present invention provides an image bearing member for electrophotography, which includes a surface layer, the surface layer being composed of a polymerization-cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and surface-treated metal oxide particles, and the surface-treated metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone side chain.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a conductive support having thereon a photosensitive layer and a protective layer located on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protective layer contains a polymerized and cured product of a composition incorporating: a polymerizable monomer, a polymerizable perfluoropolyether compound, and metal oxide particles surface-modified with a surface modifying agent containing a fluorine atom.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support, a photosensitive layer on the conductive support and a surface layer on the photosensitive layer. The surface layer includes a cured resin prepared by polymerization of a compound having two or more radically polymerizable functional groups per molecule, the cured resin containing an organic resin fine particle and a metal oxide fine particle, and the organic resin fine particle comprising a resin containing a structural unit derived from at least one of melamine and benzoguanamine, the organic resin fine particle having a number average primary particle size of 0.01 to 3.00 ?m.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electrophotographic photoreceptor which has high durability and high potential characteristics and can suppress the occurrence of stick-slip and turning up of a blade and the abrasion of the blade even when the blade is used as a cleaning unit. The surface layer contains barium sulfate composite fine particles, in which a conductive metal oxide is adhered to the surface of a core material made from barium sulfate, in a cured resin. The 10 point average roughness RzJIS of the surface layer is not less than 0.2 ?m and not more than 1.5 ?m, and a value obtained by an equation n×d, wherein n represents the peak count of the surface layer and d represents the number average primary particle diameter of the barium sulfate composite fine particles, is not less than 10,000 (pieces·nm) and not more than 200,000 (pieces·nm).