Abstract: In an image forming apparatus in which an electrostatic image is formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member using at least a process of a pseudo halftone formed by dots as a method of representing gradation, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided on a surface thereof with a plurality of recessed portions of 0.5 ?m more and 5 ?m or less in depth and 20 ?m or more and 80 ?m or less in longest diameter of an opening, when a square region of 500 ?m×500 ?m is arbitrarily extracted on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, in the square region, a total area of the recessed portions is 10000 ?m2 or more and 90000 ?m2 or less and a total area of a flat portion contained in a portion other than the recessed portion is 80000 ?m2 or more and 240000 ?m2 or less, and an arrangement (A) of the plurality of recessed portions is such an arrangement that an image quality lowering index (f) calculated by specific processing is 14% or less.

Abstract: Provided are a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, particularly, a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member and an organic device by which, in a method of forming a charge transporting layer, the stability of an application liquid for the layer after long-term storage is improved while the usage of an organic solvent in the application liquid is curtailed, and the layer having high uniformity is formed. The method is a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes a support and a charge transporting layer formed thereon, the method including: preparing a solution including: a first liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less; a second liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.

Abstract: The invention has a process of preparing a dispersion liquid by dispersing particles containing a charge transporting substance and a binder resin in liquid medium containing a specific liquid to prepare a dispersion liquid and a process of forming a coat of the dispersion liquid, and heating and drying the coat to dissolve the particles containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with liquid medium to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: preparing a solution including a charge transporting substance, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-atom-containing polyacrylate, a fluorine-atom-containing polymethacrylate, a polycarbonate having a siloxane bond, a polyester having a siloxane bond, a polystyrene having a siloxane bond, a silicone oil, a polyolefin, an aliphatic acid, an aliphatic acid amide and an aliphatic acid ester; preparing an emulsion by using the solution and water; forming a coat of the emulsion on a support; and heating the coat to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: In a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, in particular, a process of forming a charge transporting layer, a production process is provided by which the stability of a charge transporting layer coating fluid even after its storage for a long time is improved so as to form a coat for a charge transporting layer having a high uniformity.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has a charge transporting layer, including preparing a first solution containing a specified first liquid, a charge transporting substance and a binder resin, preparing a second solution containing a specified second liquid and water, preparing an emulsion from the first and second solutions, forming the emulsion coating, and heating the coat to form the charge transporting layer, and a method for producing an organic device has a charge transporting layer, including preparing a first solution containing a specified first liquid and a charge transporting substance, preparing a second solution containing a specified second liquid and water, preparing an emulsion from the first and second solutions, forming the emulsion coating, and heating the coat to form the charge transporting layer are used.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the amount of an organic solvent to be used for a coating solution for a charge transporting layer is reduced, and the stability of the coating solution for a charge transporting layer after preservation for a long time is improved, enabling formation of a charge transporting layer having high uniformity. The method includes: preparing a solution containing a charge transporting substance, a resin having a carbonyl group, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (A), a compound represented by the formula (B), a compound represented by the formula (C), a compound represented by the formula (D), and a compound represented by the formula (E); dispersing the solution in water to prepare an emulsion; forming a coat by using the emulsion; and heating the coat to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus in which an electrostatic image is formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member using at least a process of a pseudo halftone formed by dots as a method of representing gradation, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided on a surface thereof with a plurality of recessed portions of 0.5 ?m more and 5 ?m or less in depth and 20 ?m or more and 80 ?m or less in longest diameter of an opening, when a square region of 500 ?m×500 ?m is arbitrarily extracted on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, in the square region, a total area of the recessed portions is 10000 ?m2 or more and 90000 ?m2 or less and a total area of a flat portion contained in a portion other than the recessed portion is 80000 ?m2 or more and 240000 ?m2 or less, and an arrangement (A) of the plurality of recessed portions is such an arrangement that an image quality lowering index (f) calculated by specific processing is 14% or less.

Abstract: In the case where an uneven structure is formed on the surface of cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members, for the purpose of reducing the variation of the uneven structure between the individual cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members even when a large number of cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members are continuously processed, an insert is inserted into the interior of a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member including a cylindrical substrate and a surface layer, the surface uneven structure of a molding member is transferred to and formed on the surface of the surface layer of the photosensitive member. The insert includes an abutting part having an outer peripheral surface capable of abutting on the inner peripheral surface of the substrate, a connecting part positioned inside of the abutting part in the radical direction and a shaft part positioned inside of the connecting part in the radical direction.

Abstract: The invention has a process of preparing a dispersion liquid by dispersing particles containing a charge transporting substance and a binder resin in liquid medium containing a specific liquid to prepare a dispersion liquid and a process of forming a coat of the dispersion liquid, and heating and drying the coat to dissolve the particles containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with liquid medium to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: preparing a solution including a charge transporting substance, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-atom-containing polyacrylate, a fluorine-atom-containing polymethacrylate, a polycarbonate having a siloxane bond, a polyester having a siloxane bond, a polystyrene having a siloxane bond, a silicone oil, a polyolefin, an aliphatic acid, an aliphatic acid amide and an aliphatic acid ester; preparing an emulsion by using the solution and water; forming a coat of the emulsion on a support; and heating the coat to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the amount of an organic solvent to be used for a coating solution for a charge transporting layer is reduced, and the stability of the coating solution for a charge transporting layer after preservation for a long time is improved, enabling formation of a charge transporting layer having high uniformity. The method includes: preparing a solution containing a charge transporting substance, a resin having a carbonyl group, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (A), a compound represented by the formula (B), a compound represented by the formula (C), a compound represented by the formula (D), and a compound represented by the formula (E); dispersing the solution in water to prepare an emulsion; forming a coat by using the emulsion; and heating the coat to form a charge transporting layer.

Abstract: In a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, in particular, a process of forming a charge transporting layer, a production process is provided by which the stability of a charge transporting layer coating fluid even after its storage for a long time is improved so as to form a coat for a charge transporting layer having a high uniformity.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has a charge transporting layer, including preparing a first solution containing a specified first liquid, a charge transporting substance and a binder resin, preparing a second solution containing a specified second liquid and water, preparing an emulsion from the first and second solutions, forming the emulsion coating, and heating the coat to form the charge transporting layer, and a method for producing an organic device has a charge transporting layer, including preparing a first solution containing a specified first liquid and a charge transporting substance, preparing a second solution containing a specified second liquid and water, preparing an emulsion from the first and second solutions, forming the emulsion coating, and heating the coat to form the charge transporting layer are used.

Abstract: Provided are a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, particularly, a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member and an organic device by which, in a method of forming a charge transporting layer, the stability of an application liquid for the layer after long-term storage is improved while the usage of an organic solvent in the application liquid is curtailed, and the layer having high uniformity is formed. The method is a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes a support and a charge transporting layer formed thereon, the method including: preparing a solution including: a first liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less; a second liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent cleaning performance, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. The peripheral surface of the member has flat portions having a width e (?m) satisfying 0.1?e?25 and a plurality of groove portions having a width w (?m) satisfying 0.1?w?25 and a depth d (?m) satisfying 0.1?d?3.0, the flat and groove portions at an angle ? (°) satisfying 80???100 with respect to the axial direction of the member. The sum esum (?m) of the widths e of the flat portions per each width of 100 ?m in the axial direction of the peripheral surface satisfying 5?esum?75, and e?/eAv satisfying e?/eAv?0.46, where eAv (?m) is the average value of the widths e of the flat portions, and e? is the standard deviation thereof.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which image deletion is hardly produced, and a process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. For this, a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a plurality of depressed portions and a portion other than the depressed portions, each of the depressed portions having a depth of 0.5 to 5 ?m and an opening longest diameter of 20 to 80 ?m; when a 500 ?m×500 ?m square region is disposed in an arbitrary position of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the area of the depressed portions in the 500 ?m×500 ?m square region is from 10000 to 90000 ?m2, and the area of a flat part contained in the portion other than the depressed portions is from 80000 to 240000 ?m2.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent cleaning performance, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. The peripheral surface of the member has flat portions having a width e (?m) satisfying 0.1?e?25 and a plurality of groove portions having a width w (?m) satisfying 0.1?w?25 and a depth d (?m) satisfying 0.1?d?3.0, the flat and groove portions at an angle ? (°) satisfying 80???100 with respect to the axial direction of the member. The sum esum (?m) of the widths e of the flat portions per each width of 100 ?m in the axial direction of the peripheral surface satisfying 5?esum?75, and e?/eAv satisfying e?/eAv?0.46, where eAv (?m) is the average value of the widths e of the flat portions, and e? is the standard deviation thereof.

Abstract: In the case where an uneven structure is formed on the surface of cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members, for the purpose of reducing the variation of the uneven structure between the individual cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members even when a large number of cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive members are continuously processed, an insert is inserted into the interior of a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member including a cylindrical substrate and a surface layer, the surface uneven structure of a molding member is transferred to and formed on the surface of the surface layer of the photosensitive member. The insert includes an abutting part having an outer peripheral surface capable of abutting on the inner peripheral surface of the substrate, a connecting part positioned inside of the abutting part in the radical direction and a shaft part positioned inside of the connecting part in the radical direction.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus is provided including an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes a surface protective layer; and an exposure device which irradiates a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with an exposure beam so as to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the surface protective layer includes a material having no structure to provide charge transporting performance and has a plurality of through holes penetrating from the side of the front surface of the surface protective layer to the side of the charge transport layer, and the thickness of the surface protective layer is from 0.1 ?m or more to 1.5 ?m or less, and wherein when the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is irradiated with the exposure beam, two or more of the through holes are included in an exposure beam spot.