Abstract: A pain estimation apparatus includes: an information acquisition unit configured to perform a process for acquiring, in an endoscopic examination, examination state information for estimation including insertion state information for estimation including at least one of insertion shape information for estimation about an insertion shape of an insertion section of an endoscope inserted inside a body of a subject or operation force amount information for estimation about an amount of force applied to the insertion section, and information different from either of the insertion shape information for estimation and the operation force amount information for estimation; and a pain estimation processing means configured to generate pain information about pain of the subject based on the examination state information for estimation including the information different from either of the insertion shape information for estimation and the operation force amount information for estimation, and the insertion state inform